„soil organic matter“ 10 výsledků

The effort to achieve the sustainable farming system in arable soil led to the intensive search for a new solution but an inspiration can also be found in the application of traditional methods of soil fertility improvement as it is shown in numerous examples in history. Recently many scientific teams have focused their attention on the evaluation of biochar effects on soil properties and crop yields. Since there are a lot of knowledge gaps, especially in explanations how biochar can affect soil organic matter (SOM) and humus substances, we aimed this study at the solution of these questions. Therefore, the objective of the experiment was to evaluate the impact of two biochar substrates (B1 – biochar blended with sheep manure, and B2 – biochar blended with sheep manure and the residue from the biogas station) at two rates (10 and 20 t ha-1) applied alone or in combination with mineral fertilizers (Urea was applied in 2018, at rate 100 kg ha-1, and Urea at rate 100 kg ha-1 + AMOFOS NP 12-52 at 100 kg ha-1 were applied in 2019) on the quantity and quality of SOM and humus of sandy soil (Arenosol, Dolná Streda, Slovakia). The results showed that application of the biochar substrates together with mineral fertilizers (MF) had more pronounced effect on the organic matter mineralization in the sandy soil which resulted in low accumulation of soil organic carbon (Corg) and labile carbon compared to biochar substrates treatments without MF. The share of humic substances in Corg significantly decreased by 16, 50, 16 and 24% in B1 at 10 t ha-1, B1 at 20 t ha-1, B2 at 10 t ha-1 and B2 at 20 t ha-1 treatments, respectively, compared to the control. A similar tendency was observed for biochar substrates treatments + MF, compared to MF control. The carbon content of humic substances (CHS) was equal to 4.40 – 5.80 g kg-1 and the biochar substrates had statistically significant influence on CHS content. On average, there was a smaller decrease of CHS in B1 at rate 10 t ha-1 than at rate 20 t ha-1 and no effect of B2 compared to control. The carbon content of fulvic acid (CFA) was 9% higher in B1 at 10 t ha-1, and 20 t ha-1, 47% higher in B2 at 10 t ha-1 and 17% higher in B2 at 20 t ha-1 compared to control. As a result of biochar substrates + MF application, the reduction in CFA was observed. The results showed a decrease of CHA:CFA ratio with association to biochar substrates alone application compared to control on one hand, and a wider of CHA:CFA ratio in biochar substrates + MF treatments in comparison to MF control on the other hand. Humus stability was increased in biochar substrates alone treatments compared to control, on the other hand, compared to MF control, the application of biochar substrates + MF resulted in a lower humus stability.

Chernozems are considered highly productive soils, which are strongly affected by intensive management, erosion processes, and degradation. Three different soil types were classified according to Němeček et al. (2011) along the transect in the field – Calcic Chernozem (control site); Calcaric Regosol (erosion site); and Calcic Chernozem Colluvic (accumulation site). Soil organic matter quality was evaluated using infrared and UV-VIS spectroscopic methods. Humic acids (HAs) were isolated from all three soil samples according to the standard IHSS method. DRIFT spectroscopy (diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy) was applied to evaluate HAs chemical composition and hydrophobicity. Both parameters can better characterize HAs stability against microbial degradation, reactivity, and wettability. Results showed that the humification degree was the highest in Calcic Chernozem Colluvic (accumulation site). Less humified were HAs in Calcaric Regosol (erosion site). Higher content of aliphatic labile and hydrophilic groups was in HAs from Calcaric Regosol (erosion site). The content of aromatic stable and resistant components was higher in HAs from Calcic Chernozem (control site) and Calcic Chernozem Colluvic (accumulation site). The highest hydrophobicity index was in HAs from Calcic Chernozem Colluvic (accumulation site). The HAs chemical composition and hydrophobicity are crucial in soil productivity and organic matter stability in a changing environment.

Soil organic matter (SOM) and its incorporation into soil aggregates play a crucial role in carbon sequestration, which is essential for sustainable agriculture and climate change mitigation. This study focuses on the influence of different soil types on soil structure and the capacity of soil aggregates to retain carbon. The objectives were: (1) to compare soil structure across different soil types, (2) to quantify the content of SOM in size-fractions of aggregates, and (3) to identify relationships between SOM and individual size-fractions of aggregates. The research was conducted in a field at Dražovce near Nitra city (western Slovakia). Samples from the Ap and A horizons of four soil profiles were analyzed for aggregate size-distribution, carbon contents (C), and the carbon sequestration index (KSC). The results indicated that Cambisol exhibited the highest aggregate stability, while Chernozems showed the highest SOM content but the lowest KSC. Calcisol demonstrated the greatest sequestration potential. Aggregate stability was positively correlated with the content of labile carbon, particularly in medium-sized macroaggregates (1–5 mm). These findings highlight the complex interactions between aggregate size, structural stability, and their capacity to sequester carbon.

Soil structure and organic matter are important indicators of soil quality. In the literature it states that there is a linear relation between soil structure and the organic matter. Mechanisms of formation and stabilization of aggregates have also been described in the literature, but it is evident that not every mechanism is applicable to various soil-climatic conditions. Recently, the modern but not the new term has become a biochar. It is anticipated that biochar is a significant source of C, and its application to the soil will improve the aggregation process in the soil. Lately we have been working in this area and we wanted to provide an overview of this issue through this review. The aim of this review was to collate and synthesize available information on soil structure and SOM. The emphasis of this review is on biochar and its combination with other organic and mineral fertilizers in relation to soil structure.

In recent years, the importance of biochar application in world´s soils have increased tendency mainly due to its opposite effects. Therefore, the effort of many companies is based on the development of soil amendment which together improved properties and crop productivity in a lot of soils. In this short study, we have verified the effectiveness of biochar blended with farmyard manure named Effeco on soil properties and crop yields in different textural soils (1. sandy soil in Dolná Streda and 2. loamy soil in Veľké Uľany). Our results showed that the Effeco increased soil pH in both soils. In sandy soil, the Effeco more significantly affected sorptive parameters and soil organic carbon content than in loamy soil. Water retention in capillary pores after Effeco application in sandy and loamy soils was higher by 22% and 4%, respectively compared to control. On the other hand, more significant effect of Effeco application on soil structure was observed in loamy soil. The total crop productions in sandy and loamy soils due to the Effeco application were higher by 82% and 16%, respectively, compared to control plots. All in all, we concluded that the effects of biochar blended with farmyard manure differ mainly on soil texture.

The use of organic amendments for improving soil properties including soil structure is crucial for sustainable soil management. In this study, two organic materials (1. compost, and 2. farmyard manure) both at a rate of 44 t ha-1 as well as their combination were applied to a Hortic Calcaric Fluvisol (Slovakia) to evaluate the soil physical properties to test the potential of these amendments for soil amelioration under gardening conditions. The results showed that the addition of organic amendments did not have any significant effects on bulk density, total porosity, soil moisture and aeration, but their application influenced the total contents of dry-sieved aggregates as well as water-stable aggregates. The highest content of dry-sieved macro-aggregates was in compost > farmyard manure + compost > farmyard manure > control (unfertilized). The stability of aggregates was higher in compost and farmyard manure + compost treatments than in farmyard manure compared to control. Also, better soil structure stability evaluated by vulnerability coefficient was in farmyard manure + compost and compost than in farmyard manure. The highest contents of soil organic carbon and humic substances were found in the farmyard manure + compost treatment and then compost > farmyard manure > control. In compost, farmyard manure and farmyard manure + compost treatments, cabbage yield increased by 52, 22 and 72%, respectively compared to control treatment. Cabbage yields linear also increased as a result of increasing of soil organic carbon and humic substances.

Mercury threatens Arctic ecosystems due to its well known deleterious effects. The development of energy resources in the Russian Arctic is currently being planned, which will inevitably be accompanied by emissions of heavy metals into the environment, but little is known about the distribution of mercury in soils of the permafrost regions. Total mercury (THg) concentrations were investigated in soils and lake sediments of Vilkitsky Island located in remote area of the Arctic. The concentration of mercury in soils varied from 1 to 36,6 ng g−1, in lake sediments – from 2.0 to 5.8 ng g−1. In sandy soils of the iseland the concentration of THg was minimal and was usually not higher than10 ng g−1, whereas in loamy soils it was 3.5 times higher. Correlation analysis has shown that THg concentration depended primarily on particle size distribution, in a lesser degree – on total carbon and total nitrogen concentrations. The soils of Viltisky Island have one of the lowest mercury concentration in comparison to soils of other Arctic territories, because of the predominance of sandy marine sediments and low soil organic matter content. Under influence of human activities, THg content has increased three-fold on average. The highest concentrations were observed in soils of an abandoned polar station. Calculation of CF and Igeo coefficients demonstrated the high level of mercury pollution on local sites. The maximum content of mercury (25.7-36.7 ng g-1) was observed in coastal sediments. It is assumed that the increased mercury content is a consequence of translocation. Thus, the coastal areas of the Arctic islands are at the greatest danger of pollution.

Precision agriculture, which also includes the controlled movement of machines across the field, has several positive economic and environmental aspects. Despite this fact, knowledge gaps were identified, especially regarding the impact of compaction on changes in the humus regime and soil structure. For this reason, the first data are presented and discussed in this short communication. Soil samples for the determination of soil organic matter (SOM), humus, and soil structure parameters were taken from a long-term field experiment of controlled traffic farming. Samples were taken from points along permanent track lines and in places where no machines had passed for 12 years. The obtained results indicate that 12 years of no machinery passing through the field improves the soil structure, but does not significantly affect the parameters of organic matter and soil humus.

The tillage technology used can influence the soil quality positively or negatively. The aim of this work was to compare the impact of reduced (RT) and conventional (CT) tillage technologies on selected physical and chemical properties of Mollic Fluvisol, Chernozem, and Haplic Luvisol. Differences in the properties of soils treated with RT and CT were investigated at fifteen sites to a depth of 40 cm. The results showed that in Mollic Fluvisol, which naturally has higher soil organic matter (SOM) content, changing the tillage system from CT to RT caused minimal negative changes in soil properties, including a significant increase in bulk density (rd), a decrease in available water capacity (QP) and hot water soluble carbon (CHWL); in contrast, the change in tillage system was positively reflected in a statistically significant increase in total organic carbon (Cox) and degree of humification. For Chernozem and Haplic Luvisol, which naturally have medium to low SOM content, changing tillage from CT to RT resulted in a significant decrease in CHWL content and degree of humification. All physical parameters assessed were significantly deteriorated (there was an increase in rd and wilting point, a significant decrease in air-filled porosity and QP. There was no significant improvement in any of the soil properties studied. It can be concluded that the CT system is more suitable for Chernozem and Haplic Luvisol tillage than the RT system. In Mollic Fluvisol, the RT system is more or less equally suitable for tillage as the CT system.

Soil bacteria play a vital part in the biochemical cycles, impacting nutrient availability, ecosystem functioning, and global biogeochemical processes. This abstract explores the significance of soil bacteria in biochemical cycles, focusing on their roles in carbon, nitrogen, sulfur cycle, phosphorus, iron cycle and manganese cycles. Soil bacteria, responsible for fixing nitrogen, nitrify and denitrify also mineralize organic phosphorous into soluble form. These correlations is essential for implementing sustainable soil management techniques and reducing ecological deterioration. These interactions can be disturbed by anthropogenic activity, which calls for more investigation to comprehend their processes along with responses to environmental changes. Overall, soil bacteria are essential regulators of biochemical cycles, and maintaining environmental balance. Understanding the intricate interactions between soil bacteria and biochemical cycles is crucial for effective soil management, ecosystem conservation, and sustainable development practices. The aim of the paper is to identify and characterize the bacterial communities involved in these cycles and to determine their contributions to soil health and plant growth. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of soil samples from various ecosystems, using both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. High-throughput sequencing and metagenomic approaches were employed to identify bacterial taxa and their functional genes related to biochemical cycles. We found that certain bacterial taxa, such as Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus, play pivotal roles in nitrogen and phosphorus cycling. Our data indicated that microbial diversity and activity are closely linked to soil organic matter. These findings can inform sustainable land management practices and enhance our ability to predict and mitigate the impacts of environmental changes on soil ecosystems.