„milk“ 56 výsledků

The physiological values of SCC in sheep's milk are still under discussion. The aim of study was to describe the frequency of distribution of ewes on the basis of their individual SCC. The ewes were divided into the five SCC groups (somatic cell count) on the basis of individual SCC (G1 = SCC <200×103 cells.ml-1, G2= SCC between 200-400×103 cells.ml-1, G3 = SCC between 400-600×103 cells.ml-1, G4= SCC between 600-1000×103 cells.ml-1 and G5 = SCC >1000×103 cells.ml-1). Totally 771 samples were collected from 90 ewes throughout both milking periods from one experimental herd with minimum four milking records per year in 2016 and 2017. On the basis of SCS throughout lactation the most ewes were in the first two SCC groups (below 400×103 cells.ml-1) in 2016 and 2017 (78.89% and 83.33%, respectively). 13 animals (8 SD-Slovak dairy sheep, 5 LC-Lacaune) and 12 animals (4 SD, 8 LC) were in SCC groups over >600×103 cells.ml-1 in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Our results significantly contribute to the possible consideration of physiological limits for sheep milk because of the highest percentage of ewes was with less than 400×103 cells.ml-1.

Somatic cell count (SCC) is a useful indicator of intramammary infection of cow’s udders and a standard of quality and hygiene of cow’s milk in many countries. The main non-inflammatory factors influencing SCC in goat milk are intrinsic depending directly on the animal and extrinsic where some of them are routinely recorded along milk recording. The objective of this study was to determine the sources of non-genetic variation for SCC in Alpine (ALP) and Saanen (SAN) dairy goat populations based on Croatian (CRO) and Slovenian (SVN) milk recording data. For that purpose, test day records (327,404 in total) were used. They were collected over the period from 2005 to 2017 in Alpine (ALP) and Saanen (SAN) goat populations in Croatia (CRO) and Slovenia (SVN). The majority of records (310,371) represent CRO data, while SVN data included 17,033 records. Data have been obtained from the Central database of Croatian Agricultural Agency and Slovenian Central Database for Small Ruminants, which are collected according to the ICAR standards. Data were analysed using MIXED procedure in SAS/STAT, based on the REML method. Results showed significant effect of the population, parity, litter size, year and month of kidding and interaction between them as well as the effect of the stage of lactation nested within the population on the SCC in milk of studied goat populations.

The aim of the experiment was study the effect of different feeding system on fatty acids (FA) profile of cow’s milk. The tank’s samples from two farms were collected. On these farms breed: the Slovak Spotted cattle was reared. Feeding system was realized on the base pasture + supplementary feeding without silage – grazing feeding system (farm A) and silage feeding system (farm B). The FA profile in the milk samples with the apparatus (Agilent 6890A GC, Agilent technologies, USA) were analysed. Feeding system affects FA profile of cow’s milk. Significantly higher proportion of FA in milk samples: C4:0, C17:0, C18:1 cis-n9, C18:2 cis-n9, C18:3-n3 and C20:0 in milk from grazing feeding system (farm A) was detected. The samples of milk only from this feeding system contained C20:5 n3. Significantly higher content of 18:2 cis n6 and presence of C13:0, C20:3 n6 and C20:4 n6 only in milk samples from silage feeding system were determined. Significantly lower proportion of saturated FA was typical for milk from farm A and significantly higher proportion of polyunsaturated FA was characteristic for the samples from farm B. The influence of the feeding system on the monounsaturated FA content was not confirmed. In milk samples from both feeding systems very different n6/n3 FA ratio was detected, with lower value for milk from grazing feeding system (1.36 vs. 9.12).

Milk is considered not only a source of nutrient for the offspring but also a font of immunoregulatory compounds capable to predispose the naïve intestinal immune system of the new-born to react to the external environment. In the present study we evaluated the composition of milk microbiome from cows classified according to milk total and differential somatic cell counts. A total of 34, 13 and 13 milk samples of healthy, at risk and subclinical or chronic cows, respectively, were collected during the same milking from a local dairy herd. Through Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of bacterial 16S rRNA gene, the differences of taxa in terms of relative abundances (RA) and alpha and beta biodiversity were analysed. The RA of several genera were statistically significant in the three groups, such as Arcanobacterium (p=0.001), Rhodococccus (p<0.05) and Rubrobacter (p<0.05), while at species level the presence of Propionibacterium granulosum, Pseudomonas alcaligenes and Prosthecobacter debontii were found. Shannon and Evenness indices computed at the genus level were not significant, while beta biodiversity showed a clear clusterization between groups. The results highlighted that milk microbiome is associated to a different cellular response at udder level, although more specific studies are needed to assess the source of bacteria species identified in milk microbial population of healthy animals.

Global warming is already affecting several areas and a further increase of 1.5°C is expected by 2050. Dairy cattle are particularly sensitive to high temperature. So, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of temperature-humidity index (THI) on milk traits, considering changes of climatic parameters in the different seasons from 2010 to 2018. The study was conducted in 3 farms located in a hilly-mountainous area of Tuscany, the Mugello, situated from 220 to 450 m above sea level. Data on average daily milk yield and composition were monthly collected in the 3 farms from 2010 to 2018, while climatic parameters were recorded by a climatic station located in the area of the farms. As regards the climatic parameters, no significant variations have been observed in the last decade. The THI calculated thanks to the recording of temperature and humidity of the weather station, during the warmest months, was high enough to cause heat stress. The milk quality traits declined when THI increased. In conclusion, there was not any evidence that global warming has been affecting Mugello, but, despite its altitude, high THI usually reached during spring and summer seasons are already high enough to cause heat stress and a further increase could worsen farm productivity.

Pregnancy assessment is a very important tool for the reproductive management in efficient and profitable dairy farms. Nowadays, mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy is the method of choice in the routine milk recording system for quality control and to determine standard milk components. Since it is well known that there are changes in milk yield and composition during pregnancy, the aim of this study was to develop a discriminant model to predict the pregnancy state from routinely recorded MIR spectral data. The data for this study was from the Austrian milk recording system. Test day records of Fleckvieh, Brown Swiss and Holstein Friesian cows between 3 and 305 days of lactation were included in the study. As predictor variables, the first derivative of 212 selected MIR spectral wavenumbers were used. The data set contained roughly 400,000 records from around 40,000 cows and was randomly split into calibration and validation set by farm. Prediction was done with Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis. Indicators of model fit were sensitivity, specificity, balanced accuracy and Area Under Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC). In a first approach, one discriminant model for all cows across the whole lactation and gestation lengths was applied. The sensitivity and specificity of this model in validation were 0.856 and 0.836, respectively. Splitting up the results for different lactation stages showed that the model was not able to predict pregnant cases before the third month of lactation and vice versa not able to predict non-pregnancy after the third month of lactation. Consequently, in the second approach a prediction model for each different (expected) pregnancy stage and lactation stage was developed. Balanced accuracies ranged from 0.523 to 0.918. Whether prediction accuracies from this study are sufficient to provide farmers with an additional tool for fertility management, it needs to be explored in discussions with farmers and breeding organizations.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of birth season, average maximum temperatures 6 weeks before and after birth of heifers on their first lactation milk yield. In chosen herd, the effect of birth weight, weight gain until weaning on first lactation milk yield was also investigated. Additionally, the effect of the average maximum temperatures before birth, effect of birth season on birth weight were evaluated. The data were collected from the herd “A” in Orava region consisting of Slovak spotted breed (127 records), the herd “B” in Lower Nitra (150 records) and herd “C” in Upper Nitra (116 records) both consisting of black Holstein Friesian cows. Birth season tended to influence the heifers first lactation milk yield in the herd “C” (P <0.06). The maximum average temperatures during the first 6 weeks after birth significantly affected heifers first lactation in the herd “A” (P <0.01). The maximum average temperatures affecting pregnant cows before birth of their heifers did not influence heifers’ milk yield during the first lactation in all herds (P >0.66, herd “A”; P >0.59, herd “B”; P >0.38, herd “C”). In the herd “B” there was insignificant effect of prenatal temperatures, birth season on birth weight of heifers (P >0.97; P >0.74). However, the heifers with the highest weight gains until weaning had numerically higher first lactation milk yield (P >0.20).

The contents of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in raw cow’s milk, feed and soil samples from three regions of Slovak Republic (SR) depending on the environmental regional classification of SR. Total 60 pool milk samples from undisturbed environment (Novoť area), moderately disturbed environment (Tulčík area), and from strongly disturbed environment (Čečejovce area) collected in April, July and September were extracted, purified by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and analyzed using the gas chromatography with electron capture detector method (GC-ECD). Thirty feed samples of total mixed ration (TMR) were collected in April and September and after the extraction and purification by GPC were analyzed using gas and liquid chromatography (GLC). Fifteen soil samples collected in April were analyzed using the GC-ECD. All samples of raw milk, feed and soil were under the limit of quantification (LOQ) from all regions and did not exceed the limits set by European Commission. There were no seasonal differences in the PCBs levels in the milk, feed and soil samples. The milk PCBs consumption from these locations has no negative impact on consumer’s health. The results indicate the decreasing trend in PCBs occurrence in the environment and food sources. Despite this positive findings, there is a constant need to monitor environmental burden of PCBs in the different regions of Slovakia where mainly food of animal origin is produced and to recognize another sources of PCBs that may impact the food chain.

DGAT1 gene polymorphism in exon 8 AA→GC which converts lysine to alanine at position 232 (K232A) was determined to have significant influence on bovine milk production characteristics like milk yield, protein content, fat content, and fatty acid composition. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of DGAT1 gene polymorphism on dairy production traits [milk yield (kg), fat yield (kg), fat content (%), protein yield (kg) and protein content (%)]. Genotyping of 136 Holstein cows was performed using the ACRS-PCR method. The genotypes frequencies were as follows: homozygous genotype AA (80.88%), heterozygous genotype AK (16.91%) and homozygous genotype KK (2.21%). In the monitored population, allele A had a predominance with a frequency of 89.34% over allele K with a frequency of 10.66%. In the study was observed a statistically significant (P <0.0001) effect of DGAT1 K232A marker genotypes on breeding value variability for milk fat and protein content (%) as well as milk yield (kg) was observed.

The aim of the work was to assess the effect of consumption of different types of cow‘s milk according to fat content on selected parameters of body composition. The study group consisted of 165 women aged 23 years. Based on the preference for the type of milk, the group was divided into the following three groups – skimmed (0.5%), semi-skimmed (1.5%) and full-fat (3.5%). We used the questionnaire method to obtain data and the bioelectric impedance method (InBody 720) to evaluate body composition. With the exception of visceral fat area and waist-to-hip ratio, we did not notice significant differences between the groups. In terms of body weight, we found the lowest value in the full-fat group (P >0.05), while this group also had the lowest value of fat mass (P >0.05), visceral fat area (P <0.05), waist-to-hip ratio (P <0.05), body mass index (P >0.05) and the highest value of fat-free mass (P >0.05), skeletal muscle mass (P >0.05) and basal metabolic rate (P >0.05). The results suggest that the consumption of full-fat milk is preferred mainly by physically active consumers, which is also reflected in the values of body composition parameters related to fitness, the level of basal metabolism and muscle mass. The consumption of full-fat milk was positively associated with muscle mass, but not fat mass.

Milk fat is a source of not only nutritionally valuable but also biologically active ingredients that are involved in various regulatory processes, thus participating in a functioning organism. These compounds have been studied and various beneficial effects on the health and development of the organism have been described. Ingredients such as fatty acids (monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid) and phospholipids (glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids) may have a beneficial effect on human health or can prevent various diseases. Some candidate genes that are significantly involved in milk fat metabolisms, such as diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, thus contribute to the composition and concentration of the individual components of milk fat. This review deals with the composition of the collected bioactive components of milk fat and their impact on health and their potential to produce functional foods.

The aim of the study was to assess iodine concentration in raw sheep milk from chosen farms in Slovakia and to evaluate the factors that are involved. The assessed factors were as follows: effect of farm, iodine supplementation, farming system (conventional/ organic). The bulk milk samples were collected (June-August 2020) from seven sheep farms located in various districts of Slovakia. The analyses were carried out using the spectrophotometric method of Sandell-Kolthoff. The average milk iodine concentration of analysed bulk milk (26 samples) was 121.4±24.4 μg.l-1. The concentration of iodine in milk was significantly affected by the farm (P <0.05). There was observed large variability among the average milk iodine concentrations of samples ranging from 52.4±9.5 μg.l-1 to 511.6±48 μg.l-1. Similarly, iodine supplementation via mineral licks in farms significantly affected milk iodine concentration (P <0.01). This might be demonstrated by the lowest values in milk from the unsupplemented farm, ranging from 23.0 to 74.6 μg I.l-1, which indicate iodine deficiency. The farming system did not significantly affect the concentration of iodine in raw sheep milk. However, we observed lower milk iodine concentrations in organic farms as compared with conventional (94.4±25.9 μg.l-1 vs 131.4±32.0 μg.l-1, respectively.). To conclude, our results might suggest the important role of iodine supplementation on milk iodine concentration, as well as the significant impact of the farm as an important source of milk iodine concentration variability, which deserves attention regarding milk products and human nutrition.

The purpose of the study was to asses the effect of calving season and dams’ parity on milk yield and gestation length of dairy cows. We examined 93 animals of Slovak spotted breed from the farm located in western Slovakia (Lower Váh region), in years 2014-2017. The herds’ average 305-d milk yield was 8133±1380 kg. The calving season was divided into four categories: spring (March to May), summer (June to August), autumn (September to November) and winter (December to February). The factor of dams parity was divided into 4 groups: 1st parity cows, 2nd-3rd parity cows, 4th and higher parity cows. Calving season affected significantly milk yield of dairy cows (P < 0.01). The highest 305-d milk production was oberved in winter calvings (8942±218 kg) and the lowest in spring calvings (7377±287 kg). The gestation length was not signifficantly altered by calving season (P > 0.32). Dams’ parity was not significantly affected by 305-d milk yield (P > 0.22). Nevertheless, the animals on the 4th and higher lactation were numerically more productive (8481±259 kg) compared to the dairy cows on their 1st,2nd-3rd lactation (8123±264 kg; 7884±223 kg; resp.). The dams’ parity significantly affected gestation length (P < 0.02), with the shortest gestation length in 1st parity dams (278±2 days) and the longest gestation in 2nd-3rd parity dams (284±1 days).To sum up, our results suggest significant role of calving season in relation to milk yield and significant effect of dams’ parity on gestation length.

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of live yeast additive to cattle ration on milk yield of dairy cows. The research was conducted on a dairy farm, on a sample of 265 dairy cows during winter. The dairy cows were fed with a feed containing live yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae species (CNCM I-1077). The dosage was 2.1010 cfu.head-1.day-1. Milk yield and the components of milk were monitored for a three-month-long period – starting one month before the supplementation of yeast to feed and ending two months after. The addition of live yeast to cattle ration had a significant positive impact already in the first month on milk yield (+1.25 kg.day-1), and the amount of fat (+0.055 kg.day-1), protein (+0.057 kg.day-1), lactose (+0.056 kg.day-1) and milk solids (+0.170 kg.day-1) contained in milk (p<0.001). The general conclusion of the experiment is, that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae additive had an apparent positive impact on milk yield and milk components.

The aim of this work was to clarify impact of somatic cell count (SCC) on milk yield and its composition. The experiment was realized on one dairy farm with Tsigai breed. Totally 252 milk samples from 84 ewes (on their first and second lactation) were analysed. Milk samples within regular test recording day from the whole udder were collected during lactation in April, June and July. On the basis of SCC the samples were divided into the SCC groups: first <200 × 103 cells.ml-1; second ≥200 <400 × 103 cells.ml-1; third ≥400 <600 × 103 cells.ml-1; fourth ≥600 <1000 × 103 cells.ml-1; fifth ≥1000 × 103 cells.ml-1 to see the effect of SCC at the level of regular milk recording test day. The same SCC groups were used for distribution of the lactation means of somatic cell score (SCS) for evaluation of the effect of SCC at the level of whole lactation. Total milk yield per lactation was affected SCS per lactation (P=0.0089). In each month of sampling we observed decrease content of lactose at the level of test day (P<0.001) and at the level of lactation (P=0.001) with increase of SCC. The increase content of protein we detected with increase of SCC at the level of test days (P=0.0281) and decline per lactation (P=0.0452). In content of fat we did not find out change in relation with increase of SCC in regular milk recording test days and per lactation also. The analyses suggest that SCC negatively impact on milk yield and milk composition and SCC should be in high attention of dairy practice.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the claw diseases of dairy cows on the protein and urea content in milk. The study was conducted on 198 dairy cows, half of which was lame. Animals were divided into three groups according to their current phase of lactation. The cause of lameness was diagnosed in the claw crush. Milk samples were taken from all animals and the protein and urea content were determined. The content of protein and urea in milk of the lame cows in the first phase of lactation was reduced by 9.55 % and 29.9 %, respectively. Lame cows in the second phase of lactation had milk and urea content reduced by 6.94 % and 18.9 %, respectively. The cows in the third phase of lactation had content of milk protein and urea decreased by 10.3 % and 18 %, respectively. These results point to the fact that painful claw diseases affect the protein and urea content of milk.

Currently, the prices of dairy cows feed with protein concentrates are rising and the climate change is also manifesting itself with a growing drought in animal production. These are the reasons why there is an increasing interest in growing silage from legume–cereal mixtures (L-C-M) and in increasing their share in feed rations for dairy cows. Furthermore, the L-C-Ms improve the soil fertility during the crop rotation. The effect of these feeds on milk quality was evaluated by adding L-C-M silages into feeding rations. Czech Fleckvieh and Holstein breed dairy cows (8 herds; feeding periods without and with L-C-M silages) were included in the evaluation for 3 years. There were used 126 L-C-M (experimental) and 463 control (without L-C-M) bulk tank milk samples in this dairy analysis. Lactose content, solids non fat content and total count of mesophilic bacteria in milk of L-C-M group was increased as compared to control (zero hypothesis probability varied from P ≤ 0.05 to P ≤ 0.001). On the contrary, as new knowledge, milk freezing point depression and somatic cell counts were decreased in L-C-M group as compared to control (P ≤ 0.001 and P ≤ 0.05). Other milk indicators such as contents of fat, crude protein, milk urea and thermostability (P > 0.05) were not affected by evaluated factor. The residues of inhibitory substances in bulk tank milk in the L-C-M group were not indicated, but one case was in the control group. Feeding of dairy cows with an increased proportion of L-C-M silage in the roughage component a part of the feeding ration is a safe way to replace part of the protein concentrates in animal feeding, regarding milk quality.

The purpose of the study was to determine what changes will occur under the influence of six-week consumption of full-fat yogurt made from sheep's milk from ewes fed with iodine-enriched feed in relation to indicators of thyroid function – thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), but also to selected biochemical and anthropometric parameters. The intervention group consisted of nineteen women aged 54 ±7 years. It was a hyper-cholesterolemic group with a non-atherogenic lipid profile. Six-week consumption of sheep's yogurt contributed to the intake of an important element in human nutrition, but did not cause changes in the function of the thyroid gland, nor in the state of the hormones that produce or regulate its activity. TSH decreased from 2.6 ±1.0 mlU.l-1 to 2.4 ±1.0 mlU.l-1, fT4 increased from 15.2 ±1.5 pmol.l-1 to 15.3 ±1.7 pmol.l-1, but there were no statistically significant changes (P >0.05). The value of fT3 did not change at all (4.8 pmol.l-1). The intervention had no significant negative impact either on the lipid profile or other biochemical and anthropometric parameters. Our findings indicate that the consumption of full-fat sheep's yogurt not only contributes to the intake of iodine in the diet, but in terms of fat content does not cause health complications and deterioration of the lipid profile or other biochemical or anthropometric parameters

Infant formula is the main source of nutrition for babies who cannot be fed human milk, which is the best source of feed for them. Modern trends spreading through social media are questioning the suitability of commercial infant formula for children. The growth in cow's milk protein allergies among the population and the increase in the percentage of premature infants with low birth weight are focusing attention on cow's milk-based infant formula substitutes. Recently, goat's milk-based infant formulas have become available. A comparison of the composition requirements of infant formula and premature infant formula shows the need to modify both milks for use in infant formula. Differences in milk composition and functional properties can compensate for technological and nutritional differences. The lower allergenicity of goat milk, smaller fat globules and softer curd can cause a different body reaction in goat's milk based infant formula than cow's milk based infant formula. The choice of commercial infant formula should not be made based on the reactions of other children but should be selected taking into account the individual's ability to grow and develop appropriately during the use of particular infant formula.