„ai“ 355 výsledků

Peach is a popular sweet fruit with a very good climate adaptation and high production. It offers many health benefits determined by its biochemical composition. However, sensitive people can be sensitised by Pru p 3 non-specific lipid transfer protein family directly or through cross reaction as a member of Bet v 1 homologues. The majority of research is focused on the protein, less data can be found in genomics or transcriptomics. This study performed RFLP analysis by chosen restricted enzymes (BfaI, MseI, NlaIII) for non-coding region of Pru p 3 (NCBI: KC311811.1) as a tool to distinguish closely related isoforms of the allergen. BfaI cut amplicon into 5 fragments corresponding to the Yulu variety in silico cleavage and polymorphism was not detected. For MseI and NlaIII polymorphisms were found in the cleavage sites, two types of restriction profiles were created for both. None of the NlaIII profiles corresponds to the restriction profile of in silico cleavage. The study confirms the varietal differences in Pru p 3 gene and supports a hypothesis that allergenicity depends on both qualitative and quantitative factors that are different and specific to each variety.

This study was conducted to assess the silage quality of Zingiber officinale fortified samples in a completely randomized design. The samples consisted of four treatments as samples: Cassava peel (65%) + Moringa leaf (15%) + PKC (20%)+ Ginger (0 g), Cassava peel (65%) + Moringa leaf (15%) + PKC (20%) + ginger (200 g), Cassava peel (65%) + Moringa leaf (15%) + PKC (20%) + ginger (300 g), Cassava peel (65%) + Moringa leaf (15%) + PKC (20%) + ginger (400 g). The physical characteristics; colour, smell, texture, pH, temperature and mould status were observed. All samples retained their original colour, had pleasant alcoholic smell with a firm texture, the pH ranged from 4.2–4.4, temperature range of 25–26 °C with sample D having the highest temperature range of 26 °C while samples A and B had the same temperature of 25.5 °C. The mould status showed absence of mould. The chemical composition revealed that dry matter ranged from 40.86% (sample B) to 54.68% (sample D). Crude protein content ranged from 13.30% to 14.88%, crude fibre content of the samples was significantly (p <0.05) different and it ranged from 14.67% to 22.14%. The mineral concentrations of the samples were higher in Zingiber officinale samples except in sample A where potassium was higher (100.40 mg 100 g-1) than in other samples. Volatile fatty acid composition showed that lactic acid (3.24–4.86%) had higher concentration than other acids. It can therefore be concluded that Zingiber officinale fortified sample showed better nutritional potential as ruminant feed.

This study was conducted to evaluate the selected fattening characteristics, carcass parameters and analysing of parameters associated with the meat quality of twenty Holstein male calves fed with different diets. Calves were after weaning divided into two groups with respect of feeding; control group fed with untreated total mixed ration (TMR) and experimental group, which received industrially dried alfalfa hay. Calves of both groups were after about 193 days slaughtered in the experimental abattoir. Subsequently, after chilling for 24 hours, detailed dissection of the right – carcass half was performed. For the nutritional characteristics, physical technological parameters and sensory properties, slices of loin (M. longissimus thoracis) and top round (M. semimembranosus) muscles were taken 24 hours post mortem. The average daily gains were higher in the experimental group of calves (P >0.05). Although calves of the control group had higher dressing percentage (50.23%; P >0.05), no significant differences were determined in the carcass weight (P >0.05). Proportions of some of intraabdominal fats were influenced by feeding concept; calves of alfalfa hay treated group had lower proportion of intestinal fat (P >0.05) and higher proportion of kidney fat (P >0.05). Differences in total amount of meat from right – half carcass were not significant (P >0.05); proportion of separable fat was higher in the experimental group of calves. In terms of individual valuable meat cuts, higher proportion of tenderloin was determined in the group fed with alfalfa hay (1.80%); however results were no significant. Statistical significant variety at the level P <0.05 were revealed in the moisture content, intramuscular fat content and energy value. The loin muscle from experimental group was lighter (CIE L*; P >0.05) 24 hours post mortem.

The aim of the experiment was study the effect of different feeding system on fatty acids (FA) profile of cow’s milk. The tank’s samples from two farms were collected. On these farms breed: the Slovak Spotted cattle was reared. Feeding system was realized on the base pasture + supplementary feeding without silage – grazing feeding system (farm A) and silage feeding system (farm B). The FA profile in the milk samples with the apparatus (Agilent 6890A GC, Agilent technologies, USA) were analysed. Feeding system affects FA profile of cow’s milk. Significantly higher proportion of FA in milk samples: C4:0, C17:0, C18:1 cis-n9, C18:2 cis-n9, C18:3-n3 and C20:0 in milk from grazing feeding system (farm A) was detected. The samples of milk only from this feeding system contained C20:5 n3. Significantly higher content of 18:2 cis n6 and presence of C13:0, C20:3 n6 and C20:4 n6 only in milk samples from silage feeding system were determined. Significantly lower proportion of saturated FA was typical for milk from farm A and significantly higher proportion of polyunsaturated FA was characteristic for the samples from farm B. The influence of the feeding system on the monounsaturated FA content was not confirmed. In milk samples from both feeding systems very different n6/n3 FA ratio was detected, with lower value for milk from grazing feeding system (1.36 vs. 9.12).

Present investigation was carried out to explore the possibility of inducing genetic variability for yield and yield contributing traits in well-adapted variety PU-19 of black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) following mutagenesis with methyl methane sulfonate (MMS), sodium azide (SA) and hydrazine hydrate (HZ). A considerable increase in mean values for fertile branches per plant, pods per plant and total plant yield was noticed among the mutant lines in M4 and M5 generations. Estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield components were also recorded to be higher compared to control. MMS followed by SA and HZ showed highest mutagenic potential for improving total plant yield of black gram var. PU-19. Treatment concentration 0.3% was found to be most effective in generating significant increase in total plant yield of black gram var. PU-19. The increased genetic variability for yield and yield components indicates the ample scope of selection for superior mutants in subsequent generations due to preponderance of additive gene action.

In this work we screened for the diversity of epiphyllous bryophytes covering leaves of evergreen plants growing in temperate region of Arboretum Mlyňany (Slovakia). We identified five taxa of not typically epiphyllous bryophytes, all belonging to mosses: Brachythecium salebrosum (Hoffm. ex F. Weber & D. Mohr) Schimp, Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw., Hypnum cupressiforme var. filiforme Brid., Platygyrium repens (Brid.) Schimp., Pylaisia polyantha (Hedw.) Schimp. All these taxa are considered as obligate members of bryoflora of Slovakia at low risk of extinction. The most abundant was the generalist H. cupressiforme, while the rarest was the typical epiphyte P. polyantha. All identified epiphylls occurred on nine species of evergreen angiosperm phorophytes: Prunus laurocerasus L., Hedera helix L., Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt., Ilex aquifolium L., Rubus caesius L., Viburnum × burkwoodii auct., Rhododendron catawbiense Michx., Viburnum rhytidophyllum Hemsl., Aucuba japonica Thunb.; on one gymnosperm phorophyte Cephalotaxus harringtonii var. drupacea (Siebold. & Zucc.) Koidz; and on one fern Asplenium scolopendrium L. The most often species of phorophyte for epiphyllous bryophytes was P. laurocerasus, while the rarest taxa were R. caesius, V. rhytidophyllum, R. catawbiense, A. japonica, V. × burkwoodii.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have the potential to increase crop productivity and play a key role in the functioning and sustainability of most agroecosystems. However, limited information is available on the divervisity of AMF associated with upland rice varieties in Southwest Nigeria. Field survey was conducted to investigate colonization and diversity of AMF in 13 upland rice varieties commonly grown in Southwest Nigeria. Root and soil samples were collected from rice fields in 2012. The results showed natural root colonization of all the rice varieties by AMF with highest root colonization in ITA 157and Ofada. The spore densities retrieved from the different rhizospheres were relatively high, varying from 13 spores in UORW 111 to 174 spores in Ofada with a mean of 67.6 spores per 20 g dry soil. Glomus was observed to be the most abundant AMF genus. Funneliformis mosseae was the most frequently occurring AMF species (96.2%) with relative density (RD) of 32.2%, followed by Glomus intraradices, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, and Glomus clareium. This study showed that AMF naturally colonized the roots of these rice varieties and diversity of different AMF genera in rice rhizosphere. This study will help draw attention to natural colonization of AMF in rice producing areas of Nigeria that can influence future possibility of using inocula of the dominant AMF species in upland rice cultivation.

The genetic structure of five goat breeds bred in Slovakia was characterized using a visible genetic profile and biochemical polymorphic systems. Tree dairy goat breeds – White Shorthaired, Brown Shorthaired and Alpine goats – and two wool goat breeds – Angora and Cashmere goats – were evaluated. Calculated were the heterozygosity and the effective number of alleles for each locus based on the allele frequencies of eight genes determining type traits and biochemical polymorphic systems, as well as their average values as indicators characterizing the genetic variability of each breed. The genetic differences between breeds were also determined.

Increased interest in the breeding of beef cows results from the trends of society, especially in the consumption of quality raw materials of animal origin. Breeding of beef cattle is often encountered as part of a modern rural lifestyle. The good growth ability of calves is a decisive factor in the profitability of breeding of suckling cows and decides on the breeder‘s satisfaction in setting purchase prices. This quantity is expressed mainly by the average daily gains and the live weight of calves under one year of age. In addition to the achieved weight of beef, is very important shaping of individual body parts representing the most valuable meat parts of animal, to which the body measurements of sires must correspond. Weight gains point to the degree of adaptation of a specific breed to the farming conditions. Equally, the genetic basis of an individual influences the achieved weight of animal. Genetic improvement of meat performance depends on breeding programs that exploit genetic variability between breeds and within the breed. Moreover, the breeding conditions and animal handling could influence the increasing of live weight. Breeding efficiency will always be a summary of factors that determine the own cost and the purchase price of weaned calves. In view of the above, this review is focuses on the main intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing the growth characteristics of different cattle breeds as well as its relationship with slaughter characteristics.

The objective of the present study was to determine the fatty acid profile of grape pomace, grape stem and grape bunch of three different cultivars of Vitis vinifera sp. (Green Veltliner, Pinot Blanc and Zweigelt) from two countries as a possible sources for animal nutrition. Fatty acid profile analysis was performed using the Agilent 6890 A GC machine. Significant differences (P <0.05) in fatty acid content of analyzed samples were detected between the countries, as well as between the cultivars within countries. Grape pomaces and grape bunches were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (70.91–71.86%), represented mainly by linoleic acid (69.79–70.32%), and low in saturated fatty acids (12.42–12.96%). Grape stems were characterized by a high saturated fatty acids content (24.46–30.85%), but on the other hand, these samples had the highest α-linolec acid concentration (9.98–14.52%). Oleic acid (12.24–15.17%) was the most abundant from monounsaturated fatty acids (12.69–15.33%) in all the analyzed samples. These results indicate a strong impact of the grape variety and location on the fatty acid profile of grape by-products and their potential to be evaluated as feed additives with high polyunsaturated fatty acids concentration in animal nutrition.

This study is aimed at proposing mulberry sericulture as an alternative to strengthen the agricultural economy of Hooghly district of West Bengal, India. Exploration of four breeds of mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori (Linnaeus, 1758), popular in West Bengal (viz., two multivoltine breeds – Nistari Plain and Nistari Marked, One Bivoltine breed – SK6 X SK7 hybrid and one F1 Hybrid from cross between Nistari Plain and SK6 X SK7 hybrid) have been conducted in the Sericulture Research Laboratory, Post Graduate department of Zoology, Hooghly Mohsin College, Chinsurah, Hooghly, West Bengal, India, for three consecutive years (2016-2019) for various rearing parameters (viz., larval duration, matured larval weight, cocoon weight, shell weight, shell ratio , effective rate of rearing , absolute silk content and yield) along with common meteorological data (viz., average temperature, average relative humidity, photoperiod). The study reveals Hooghly district to be very conducive for mulberry sericulture with the multivoltine breeds to be most suitable, although rearing of F1 hybrid and bivoltine breeds should also be promoted for their better economic value. Among the seasons, late Autumn (Oct.-Nov.) and early Spring (Feb.-Mar.) are found to be most suitable commercial rearing seasons for almost all the breeds, whereas the extended summer months including Spring, Summer and rainy season (Mar.-Aug.) are unfavourable, indicating deleterious effect of temperature and humidity on the rearing performance of these breeds, for which remedies such as sub-lethal heat shock can be explored.

The submission aims to present results of the five-year research project, oriented on the evaluation of genetic diversity of selected populations of economically important animal species in Slovakia, their sustainable adaptation and production potential in the context of preservation of genetic resources and food safety. Under the supervision of Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding Biology, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra run between 2015- 2019 project called Molecular-genetic diversity and production potential of animal genetic resources in Slovakia (APVV-14-0054). Considering the difficulty and complexity of studied issues was research realized in close collaboration with the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) and Zagreb University. Erosion of genetic diversity represents the main threat for food safety of mankind. Individuals of economically important animal species groups accumulate risks and threats of loss of sustainable adaptation as a reaction to the environment due to intense selective breeding. It is therefore important and needed to focus on permanent monitoring and evaluation of diversity of economically important breeds based on the diverse parameter and suitable methods.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) help in promoting plant growth and mediating key belowground processes, however, little is known about AMF responses to the continuous increase in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). This has led to considerable interest in its impacts on AMF and belowground processes in recent years. The study investigated the effect of elevated CO2 on AMF sporulation and root colonization and soil properties in the roots of soybean. The pot experiment consisted of two levels of CO2 (ambient; 350 ppm and elevated; 550 ppm) and three soybean cultivars (TGx 1440-1E, TGx 1448-2F and TGx 1480-2F) conducted in open top chambers, laid out in randomised complete block design, replicated thrice. The results showed that elevated CO2 increased the AMF spore density and root colonization of the soybean cultivars. Elevated CO2 increased the microbial biomass carbon (34.2% - 45.4%), microbial biomass nitrogen (44.6% - 54.9%), soil nitrogen (30.3 – 50.6%), available phosphorus (20.8 – 45.7%) in the rhizosphere of the soybean cultivars compared to the ambient CO2. These could have resulted in higher dry biomass, pod number, seed number 100-seed weight and seed yield observed under elevated CO2. From the results of this study, increased atmospheric CO2 regulates AMF activities, microbial properties and improve soybean performance. Thus, this study may help to better understand the responses of AMF and belowground process with increasing atmospheric CO2.

The effort to achieve the sustainable farming system in arable soil led to the intensive search for a new solution but an inspiration can also be found in the application of traditional methods of soil fertility improvement as it is shown in numerous examples in history. Recently many scientific teams have focused their attention on the evaluation of biochar effects on soil properties and crop yields. Since there are a lot of knowledge gaps, especially in explanations how biochar can affect soil organic matter (SOM) and humus substances, we aimed this study at the solution of these questions. Therefore, the objective of the experiment was to evaluate the impact of two biochar substrates (B1 – biochar blended with sheep manure, and B2 – biochar blended with sheep manure and the residue from the biogas station) at two rates (10 and 20 t ha-1) applied alone or in combination with mineral fertilizers (Urea was applied in 2018, at rate 100 kg ha-1, and Urea at rate 100 kg ha-1 + AMOFOS NP 12-52 at 100 kg ha-1 were applied in 2019) on the quantity and quality of SOM and humus of sandy soil (Arenosol, Dolná Streda, Slovakia). The results showed that application of the biochar substrates together with mineral fertilizers (MF) had more pronounced effect on the organic matter mineralization in the sandy soil which resulted in low accumulation of soil organic carbon (Corg) and labile carbon compared to biochar substrates treatments without MF. The share of humic substances in Corg significantly decreased by 16, 50, 16 and 24% in B1 at 10 t ha-1, B1 at 20 t ha-1, B2 at 10 t ha-1 and B2 at 20 t ha-1 treatments, respectively, compared to the control. A similar tendency was observed for biochar substrates treatments + MF, compared to MF control. The carbon content of humic substances (CHS) was equal to 4.40 – 5.80 g kg-1 and the biochar substrates had statistically significant influence on CHS content. On average, there was a smaller decrease of CHS in B1 at rate 10 t ha-1 than at rate 20 t ha-1 and no effect of B2 compared to control. The carbon content of fulvic acid (CFA) was 9% higher in B1 at 10 t ha-1, and 20 t ha-1, 47% higher in B2 at 10 t ha-1 and 17% higher in B2 at 20 t ha-1 compared to control. As a result of biochar substrates + MF application, the reduction in CFA was observed. The results showed a decrease of CHA:CFA ratio with association to biochar substrates alone application compared to control on one hand, and a wider of CHA:CFA ratio in biochar substrates + MF treatments in comparison to MF control on the other hand. Humus stability was increased in biochar substrates alone treatments compared to control, on the other hand, compared to MF control, the application of biochar substrates + MF resulted in a lower humus stability.

Leaves are part of the plant organs that are important to sustain its life. These organs are sensitive to climate changes and may present phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental conditions. However, affirmation of the leaves morphological plasticity and their regulation in different environments is still little studied up to date. In the present research, we evaluated performance of 20 different groups of Argania spinosa (L.) skeels genotypes (half-sibling). Each group contains 3 half-sibs. Genotype × environment interactions (GxE) were evaluated as well, for shape and size leaves. To perform this, geometric morphometrics principles were applied to analyze genotypes morphology in three locations (Center, West and South West of Morocco). Univariate and multivariate analysis was used for data analysis. Results showed significant variation of symmetric and asymmetric components for genotypes, half-sibling and location with relatively high variation coefficient (60 %<). Shape and size differences among genotypes, suggest that they were the main source in leaf morphology variation. Canonical Variate Analysis of leaf shapes reveals that the aregions are clearly distinct from each other. For symmetric component analysis, Mahalanobis distances values among locations reached 35.53 between South-Western and North-Western locations, 21.88 North-Western and central locations and 18.29 for South-Western and Central location. The differentiation between the groups using the Canonical Variations value showed a significant effect of the environment on the studied argan genotypes. Small leaves and narrow limbs were observed in central location compared to others. However, South-Western location leaves had mainly an ovate shape. The same genotypes presented a high spectrum of shape variation varying from obovate to ovate in the other regions. This study highlights the strong correspondence between leaf morphology and genotype within different environments, and demonstrates that GxE interaction shave an impact to take into consideration in breeding programs.

Plants are often exposed to adverse environmental conditions that can significantly interfere with their genomic response. Soil compaction induced by heavy field machinery represents a major problem for crop production mainly due to restricted root growth and penetration into soil and therefore reduced water and nutrient uptake by the plants. A long term field scale experiment was established in 2009 where different levels of soil compaction are researched from the soil and crop point of view. The effect of soil compaction was analysed by four different DNA-based markers corresponding to miRNA sequences (hvu-miR156, hvu-miR399, hvu-miR408 and hvu-miR827), within the leaf, stem and root tissues of barley plants. Our preliminary study showed that due to soil compaction were the barley plants exposed to the lack of moisture which subsequently affected the intake and utilization of nutrients from the soil and showed lower plant growth parameters and reduced yields. Moreover, this genome response was tissue-specific, where the most affected part of the plant by dehydration, were roots and lack of nutrient supply was most pronounced on leaves.

The fungus Cercospora beticola Sacc. is the one of the most important pathogens on the sugar beet. The frequent application of fungicides with the same mode of action increase a risk of development of resistant strains of the pathogen. Occurrence of C. beticola resistant strains has been never researched in Slovakia. In this work, the C. beticola isolates were collected from 10 locations of Slovakia and analysed for fungicide resistance in laboratory conditions. There were tested nine fungicides with different mode of action – trifloxystrobin + cyproconazole, kresoxim-methyl + epoxiconazole, azoxystrobin + cyproconazole, thiophanate-methyl + tetraconazole, thiophanate-methyl, prochloraz + propiconazole, picoxystrobin, tetraconazole, and difenoconazole. The results confirmed, that occurrence of fungicide resistance in C. beticola population was established in Slovakia. Different criteria of assessment of fungicide resistance (based on EC50 and on growth rate – inhibition percentage) showed slightly different results, but both of the criteria confirmed resistant C. beticola strains to thiophanate-methyl, picoxystrobin and difenoconazole. Fields with higher frequency of application of these fungicides significantly supported the development of resistant strains. It is very important to focus on anti-resistant strategy and reduce of using fungicides on localities, where the occurrence of resistant C. beticola strains was confirmed - Dolné Saliby (thiophanate-methyl and picoxystrobin) and Senec (picoxystrobin and difenoconazole). The lowest level of risk of fungicide resistance was confirmed in the locality Oslany. Assessment of any C. beticola strains have not confirmed reduced sensitivity to active ingredients tetraconazole and prochloraz + propiconazole.

We evaluated the changes in growth rate, daily production of aboveground phytomass and lawn density of turfgrass after application of fertilizer on the basis of polysulfides (Sulka NKS+) in Nitra climatic conditions. The preparation was applied 2-times, 4-times and 6-times during the vegetation period in 2015 – 2017 and the effect was compared with a control without the use of Sulka NKS+. Stimulatory effect of Sulka NKS+ was showed in average daily gain of height and average daily gain of above-ground phytomass weight with the most visible expression in the 2nd and 3rd year of cultivation. For thickening lawn index was found out inhibitory effect of polysulfide fertilizer. The average values of first two characteristics have also increased with the increasing number of Sulka NKS+ applications.

The study aimed to examine the analyses of the trend in the numbers of dairy cows, production and reproductive traits in the population the Slovak Spotted cattle for period 2010 to 2019. The number of Slovak Spotted dairy cows is maintained on a relatively stable level in recent years. There was a decrease in the number of animals (12 428 in 2010), but not as strong as after 1990 (85 518). From 2017 number of animals is rising from 14,062, to 14,150 (2018) and 14,627 (2019), respectively. As compared to 2010 an increase of 13.15% in 2017, 13.86% and 17.68%, in 2018 and 2019 respectively was observed. Population size raised from 113.15% (2017) to 117.68% in 2019 respectively. The average annual increase in milk production between the years 2010 to 2019 was + 157.5 kg of milk (total 1,575 kg of milk), + 5.8 kg of fat (total 58 kg of fat) and + 6.1 kg of protein (total 61 kg of protein). Positive growth of milk production in recent years is slightly comparable with the trend of breeding improvement.

Genetic evaluation of beef cattle in Slovakia started in first years of this century. After the first decade of running the routine evaluations it is important to review the progress made and to discuss the further development. The aim of this paper was to compile and deliver genetic and phenotypic trends in order to review importance of evaluated traits with respect to four major beef (Charolais, Limousine) and dual-purpose breeds (Slovak Pinzgau cattle, Slovak Spotted cattle). The study showed different progress made across the breeds. Higher genetic progress was observed in Charolais purebreds compared to Limousine counterparts. Moreover, almost similar progress to that in Charolais was observed in dual-purpose Slovak Pinzgau cattle. On the other hand no progress was observed in Slovak Spotted purebreds. Results also showed higher progress in bulls compared to cows. Phenotypic trends showed reserves for improvement in Charolais and closing to breed standards in Limousine. In dualpurpose breeds improvement was shown only in Slovak Pinzgau, while no improvement or decrease in actual weights was shown in Slovak Spotted purebreds.