„ai“ 349 výsledků

The aim of this study was to evaluate the state of genetic diversity in population of Barbary lion based on the genealogical analysis. Currently, this lion subspecies does not occur in the wild, and its population is considered to be critically endangered. The pedigree file consisted of 545 animals, while the reference population included 445 individuals. Alongside pedigree completeness, the parameters derived from common ancestor were used to analyse the state of genetic diversity in target population. The completeness of pedigree data had significantly decreasing tendency with increasing generations. The pedigree completeness index was the highest in the first generation (68 %). The average value of the inbreeding coefficient was very similar in the reference population and the pedigree file (F = 0.05). Across generations, the trend of inbreeding increase was positive mainly due to the long-term use of specific lines and families for mating. The relative high average relatedness among individuals (AR = 0.06) only reflected the individual increase in inbreeding (3.18 %). As expected the higher level of individual increase in inbreeding was found in the pedigree file (3.41 %). The effective population size at level 26.66 confirmed that the Barbary lion is critically endangered by the loss of diversity. Because of this, the future continuous monitoring of genetic diversity of this subspecies is necessary, especially for long-term conservation purposes.

The aim of this study was to analyse several genetic and non-genetic factors that can affect the calving difficulty of Slovak Spotted cattle and to find out their statistical significance. A total of 417030 calving difficulty records from 174795 dams were collected during the calving parity from 2001 to 2017. The impact of factors affecting the calving difficulty was analysed by using procGLM implemented in SAS 9.3 on the basis of multifactor analysis of variance. The effects of the herd, a year of calving, the sex of a calf, a breed type, a month of calving, the parity and the sire were tested. The sex of born calf was the most statistically significant factor (R2 =25,5 %). The calving difficulty was significantly affected also by the herd, a year of calving, a month of calving, the parity and sire. Each of these effects showed high level of significance (P<0.001). The lowest level of statistical significance was found for effect of breed type. Based on obtained results we recommend continuing to use the recording of calving difficulty for the purposes of evaluation of effect of sire on inheritance

The aim of this study was to determine the nutritive value and fermentation parameters of silage made from hybrid Rumex patientia L. x Rumex tianschanicus A.Los (Rumex OK 2). Silages were made in months September, October and November of the year 2017 and next in April and May of the year 2018. In each month two variants were analysed, one without additives and second with an addition of 1% of dried molasses to wilted Rumex OK 2 plants. After 5 weeks fermentation in hermetic sealed plastic bags at temperature 20°C the concentration of nutrients and parameters of fermentation were analysed in average samples. The content of dry matter in all silages were low and ranged from 7.1 to 18.8%. Content of crude protein was highest in autumn months, when was from 289 to 339 g.kg-1 DM, which is much more compared to alfalfa silages. Crude fiber was in spring months from 295 to 422 g.kg-1 DM and in autumn months from 126 to 166 g.kg-1 DM. Development of fiber components was similar to development of crude fiber content. The concentration of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber in Rumex OK 2 silages from autumn months meet the criteria for first class legume silage. Only silages from October and November had the content of lactic acid more than 10 g.kg-1 of original matter. Addition of dried molasses increased (P<0.05) concentration of lactic acid and decreased (P>0.05) concentration of acetic acid in silages from September, October, April and May. All Rumex OK 2 silages did not contain butyric acid. Silage pH value appertain to its dry matter concentration was relative high, which make impossible the good overall assessment. However, according to concentration of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and proteolysis can be Rumex OK 2 silages from autumn months considered as a nutritional valuable feed. On the other hand Rumex OK 2 silage from September contains high concentration of oxalic acid, which can be potentially hazardous for animals.

The aim of this study was to determine the nutritive value of hybrid Rumex patientia L. x Rumex tianschanicus A.Los (Rumex OK 2). Rumex OK 2 can be considered as a technical or energetic plant for renewable production of biomass or as a feed as source of nutrients for animals. In this study two harvestings were planned, firs cut was realised in June (growth from March to June) and second cut was realised in November (growth from July to November). Samples of Rumex OK 2 plants were collected in the 20th day of the month in March to June and in September to November. Concentration of nutrients were detected according to Regulation no. 2145/2004-100. Fresh Rumex OK 2 samples from March 7.42%, April 8.71% and September 4.89% had very low concentration of dry matter (DM). On the other hand samples from March, April, September and October had high concentration of crude protein in range from 31.42 to 24.54% of DM. From start of growth in spring to time of firs cut in June increased both concentration of dry matter from 7.42 to 56.62% and concentration of crude fibre from 14.86 to 47.38% of DM. Concentration of fat in Rumex OK 2 is low and similar to that of maize plant or alfalfa, whereas concentration of nitrogen free extract in Rumex OK 2 plant is similar only to alfalfa. Results of this article bring compact view over nutritional characteristic of Rumex OK 2, which can be according to gained results about nutritional value used as a source of nutrients in animal nutrition, or as a source of renewable biomass for bioenergy production.

Calving difficulty is one of important economic traits in beef production. In the Slovak Republic calving difficulty in beef cattle is recorded on the regular basis, however, these data have not been used so far in decision making. The aim of this study was to get the first insight into the data. Data on 288 346 calvings in 5 major Slovak populations (Charolais, Limousine, Slovak Simmental, Pinzgau, Beef Simmental) during the period 1990-2017 were exploited. The primary analyses showed that there exist differences in the incidence of the difficult calvings according to the breed of the dam. The lowest rate of assisted calvings was observed in Limousine breed. Lower incidence was observed when calvings of crossbred matings were considered. Only slight associations of difficult calvings with sex of calves, parity and season of calvings were observed. Slightly higher rates of assisted calvings were observed in the group of heifers and births of males.

The paper analyses how much tax burden affects production volume and budget revenues. The projections show what happens when a government increases the tax rate (added value tax), i.e. how it reflects on the volume of fattening pig production on the one hand and how it reflects on the level of tax revenue. Fiscal policy represents a complex area through which the state sets out the operating conditions through various instruments. In this paper, the simulation of the tax rates and the effects on the produced quantities is made on pig meat production. By imposing large taxes, taxpayers feel less incentive to make money, because whatever they earn, they go to the state. A more detailed analysis was made on a sample of fattening production of 100,000 animals. Some implications of established empirical links between variables are presented in the paper. The change in tax rate of 10% multiplies an increase in tax reported in cash in amount of 44.4%.

In the last years, consumers preferences are more likely to purchase processed-meat products instead of single meat cuts. To adapt to the new demand, beef industry needs to study consumers’ sensory perception of the newly developed products to ensure their acceptability. This study aimed to examine consumers’ perception on sensory characteristics of two commercial processed-meat products (hamburger and tartare) from three different types of meat (Holstein-Italian bull, Charolaise bull, and Charolaise heifer). Sensory consumer test was conducted on a non-trained panel of 64 participants for each product to assess color, texture, odor, tenderness, juiciness, salty taste, flavor and overall satisfaction using a 1 (very low) to 7 (very high) intensity scale. Sensory data of each product was analyzed through a linear mixed model including meat type and order of presentation as fixed effects, and participant and residual as random effects. Chemical composition was determined by standard methods in 9 samples of each product (3 samples/type of meat). For hamburgers, protein ranged from 15.9 to 17.0% and fat from 9.1 to 12.9%. For tartare, protein ranged from 20.1 to 20.3%, and for fat from 3.2 to 5.2%. For hamburger, participants perceived differences (P<0.05) in color, tenderness and juiciness between meat types, being the Charolaise bull the most appreciated (P<0.05). For tartare, panelists reported differences (P<0.05) in color, texture and tenderness, being the Charolaise heifer the most appreciated (P<0.05). Our results suggested that the type of meat used related to the fat content can modify consumers’ sensory perception of processed-meat products.

The physiological values of SCC in sheep's milk are still under discussion. The aim of study was to describe the frequency of distribution of ewes on the basis of their individual SCC. The ewes were divided into the five SCC groups (somatic cell count) on the basis of individual SCC (G1 = SCC <200×103 cells.ml-1, G2= SCC between 200-400×103 cells.ml-1, G3 = SCC between 400-600×103 cells.ml-1, G4= SCC between 600-1000×103 cells.ml-1 and G5 = SCC >1000×103 cells.ml-1). Totally 771 samples were collected from 90 ewes throughout both milking periods from one experimental herd with minimum four milking records per year in 2016 and 2017. On the basis of SCS throughout lactation the most ewes were in the first two SCC groups (below 400×103 cells.ml-1) in 2016 and 2017 (78.89% and 83.33%, respectively). 13 animals (8 SD-Slovak dairy sheep, 5 LC-Lacaune) and 12 animals (4 SD, 8 LC) were in SCC groups over >600×103 cells.ml-1 in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Our results significantly contribute to the possible consideration of physiological limits for sheep milk because of the highest percentage of ewes was with less than 400×103 cells.ml-1.

The aim of the present study was to compare the fatty acid composition of dry fermented sausage made from Crna slavonska pig and modern hybrids reared in diverse production systems. The study was performed on Baranjski kulen, a traditional PGI (Protected Geographical Indication) labelled sausage. Baranjski kulen produced from pigs included in the study differed in their fatty acid profile, with kulen made from Crna slavonska pigs having a higher content of MUFA, lower content of PUFA and a more favourable PUFA/SFA ratio. The results of the present study demonstrate that meat originating from breeds raised in specific production system affects the fatty acid composition as one of the major determinants of nutritional product quality.

Busha cattle are indigenous breed in many Balkan countries. Because of the economic, cultural and scientific reasons it is very important to protect biological diversity of autochthonous breeds like Busha. In the past several decades, as a result of uncontrolled crossing of this cattle with some more productive breeds, the number of purebred Busha animals is permanently being reduced which imposes an urgent need for setting up in situ and ex situ conservation program for this breed. Since Busha is bred in many Balkan countries, the aim of this study was to define main productive, reproductive and exterior traits of Busha cattle in the following countries: Bosnia and Hercegovina, Croatia, Macedonia and Serbia. Also, number of animals and possibility of future production system was analysed. Analysed data indicate that highest milk production potential and lowest age at first mating has Serbian Busha (till 2000 kg in lactation, at 18 months). Regarding the exterior traits, smallest frame was observed in Bosnian and Macedonian Busha. The population decrease in the past several decades was determined in all analysed countries. The conservation programs in Croatia and Serbia resulted in certain increase of Busha population, but aiming successful preservation of the breed, economically effective production systems should be put in practice. The branding of Busha’s products could result in necessary added value. Taking into account similarity between all Busha breeds as well as population sizes, branding should be organized on regional level.

The Lipizzan breed presents an indispensable part of numerous cultural and folklore events, equestrian games, folklore festivals and horse shows in Croatia. Also this is the third most populous breed of horses in Croatia and have status of Croatian protected breed. The aim of this paper was to show the history of breeding of Lipizzan horses and their introduction to Croatia. The origin of Lipizzan breed is connected with the year 1580 when Charles II, Archduke of Austria bought the village of Lipica near Sežana in Slovenia and founded a horse breed there. The Lipizzan were initially used for the protocol needs of the Vienna Court, and later as a working aid. Due to its exceptional beauty and wide usage, this breed began to spread through the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Today, the Lipizzan breed, consists of 7 lines of stallions and 18 mare family lines. Throughout history, the breeding goal of the Lipizzan was harmonized depending on the country where it was grown, depending on the time and needs of the source of labour in agriculture and transport, but also depending on the culture of living in a particular region. More than 300 years of Lipizzan breeding in Croatia resulted in noble Baroque horse acclimated for Croatian conditions and deeply correlated with Croatian people and tradition.

Lipizzan horse breed was founded in 1580 in Lipica and introduced to Croatia in 1800 by earl Andrija Jankovich- Bésán. Earl Jankovich founded stallion bloodline Tulip and mare families Czirka, Ercel, Traviata, Margit, Manczi and 502 Moszgo Perla. Herd books showed that South African Lipizzan population is based on Czirka and Ercel mare families that are originally Croatian thus provided potential genetic enrichment of Croatian Lipizzan gene pool. In this study a 648 bp mitochondrial DNA fragment from 50 South African Republic Lipizzan horses was analysed and 249 sequences from Čačić doctoral thesis was retrieved. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of South African Lipizzan horses and their comparison with Croatian Lipizzan horses present that South African Lipizzan horses have five unique haplotypes but still maintain connection with Croatian Lipizzan by sharing a haplotype. Future analysis with high throughput genetic marker such as SNP or WGS will surely provide interesting results.

The aim of this experiment was to determine the influence of humic substances, and combination humic substances and selected phytobiotics on production and carcass parameters of broiler chickens. In experiment from total 200 one-day-old ROSS 308 chickens were randomized into four groups (n = 50). The control group was fed with basal diet (BD) without any additives. Group of chickens marked as treatment 1 (T1) was fed a BD containing 2% of humic acid, the group marked as treatment 2 (T2) was fed a BD containing 78% of humic acids, 18% of garlic powder (Allium sativum L.), 1% of milled dried leaves of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), 1% of milled dried leaves of thyme (Thymus vulgaris), 1% of milled dried leaves of oregano (Origanum vulgare) and 1% of milled dried leaves of bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata), together 2 kg /100kg complete feed mixture (BD). In the group marked as treatment T3 were chicken fed with BD containing industrially produced coccidiostats. Experiment lasted 42 days. At the end of the experiment was average body weight (values in the order of the groups: 1808.03 ±212.39; 1981.75 ±203.32; 1895.59 ±178.75 and 1955.31 ±237.16 g ±SD) significantly higher (P<0.05) in all treatment in compare to control group. In T2 was thigh part (29.27 ±1.50; 29.07 ±3.35; 30.45 ±2.15 and 29.49 ±2.34 mean ±SD) significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to control group. Carcass weight (values in the order of the groups: 1357.18 ±95.8; 1486.38 ±156.7; 1369.69 ±118.0 and 1440.68 ±132.1 g ±SD) and carcass yield (74.35 ±1.33; 76.10 ±1.97; 74.03 ±1.35 and 73.45 ±1.82 mean ±SD) were the highest in treatment T1 with humic acid addition (P>0.05).

The objective of this study was to compare the pure chicken breeds Oravka (OR; n = 50), Amrock (AM; n = 50) and their cross Oravka×Amrock (ORAM; n = 50) and Amrock×Oravka (AMOR; n = 50) for productive and carcass parameters. The birds were maintained on a deep litter system for a period of 20 weeks. We recorded that crossbred ORAM and AMOR chickens performed better than the average of parental genotypes for body weight and body weight gain in brooding and growing period. The poor (P<0.05) feed conversion was observed in AM chickens and better feed conversion was recorded in OR and both crossbred chickens. The crossbred chickens had lowest (P<0.05) mortality than pure bred AM chickens. The carcass parts, giblets and abdominal fat percentages had non-significant (P>0.05) difference among pure and crossbred chickens. The highest carcass yield was observed in ORAM (62.53%) followed by AMOR (62.48%), AM (62.41%) and OR (62.39%) chickens.

The aim of the present study was to analyse the genetic diversity of the endangered horse breeds kept in the Czech Republic. A set of 13 microsatellites was used for genotyping 349 Silesian Norikers, 397 Norikers, 552 Czech-Moravian Belgian horses, 271 Old Kladrubers (175 greys, 95 blacks) and 241 Hucul horses. The proportion of obtained heterozygosity indicates no major loss of genetic diversity within analyzed breeds. The Wright’s FST and genetic distances indicated genetic segregation of both colour varieties of the Old Kladruber breed and small genetic distances between draft horse breeds. Moreover, the membership probability outputs showed that the frequencies of alleles varied across the three main regions. First region is represented by draft horse breeds, second region is represented by Old Kladruber horse and the last is represented by Hucul breed. The study provides data and information utilizable in the management of conservation programs in order to reduce inbreeding and to minimize loss of genetic variability.

Foot and claw diseases/disorders from 24 545 lactations of 10 340 Holstein cows were recorded on 7 farms in the Czech Republic from 1999 to 2018. There were defined a three groups of foot and claw disorders/diseases: diseases of skin (SD), which cover digital, interdigital dermatitis and interdigital phlegmon; then disorders of the claw horn (CH) including ulcers, white line disease, horn fissures, together with double sole and overall claw diseases (OCD) ingluding all the recorded disorders. The OCD ratio observed during 1th and 305th days of lactation was 52.56% of all evaluated lactations. The observed ratio of SD and CH were 28.61% and 27.15%, respectively. A foot and claw disorders were defined as 0/1 occurrence per lactation, for the purposes of analyses,. Genetic parameters were estimated using by linear animal models for evaluated traits. Models included the random additive genetic effect of animal (A), the permanent environmental effect of cow (PE), fixed effects of parity, farm, year and season of calving, and age at calving as discreet variables in classes. The estimated heritability were 13.84%, 12.64% and 9.83%, 8.73% and 9.97%, for OCD, CH, SD, ulcers (U) and for dermatitis digitalis and interdigitalis (DD), respectively. Genetic correlation was 17.66% between SD and CH, whereas traits SD and DD equal high genetic similarity (98.4%). Also correlation between CH and U traits was high (92.62%). The presented results indicate to possibility of selection against foot and claw disorders/diseases for Czech Holstein population. The work was supported by the project QJ1510144 and the institutional support MZE-RO0718 of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic.

Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler is one of the main causal agents of leaf spot on potato in Iran and worldwide. In this study, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and pathogenicity assay were employed to analyze 28 A. alternata isolates obtained from potato plants. The isolates were collected from main potato growing regions of Iran, including Ardebil, Hamedan, Isfahan and Fars provinces. Cluster analysis of genotypes produced by RAPD marker, using UPGMA method indicated that the isolates have been clustered into different groups with no correlation to geographical origins of the isolates. Pathogenicity assay indicated that all A. alternata isolates were pathogenic on potato;however, virulence variability was observed among the isolates. The findings revealed that because of extant diversity in pathogenicity and genetics of A. alternata isolates, a single isolate should not be used for evaluating resistance of potato.

The aim of this experiment was to compare find out of the changes of assimilation pigments content of turf Festuca spp. leaves after application of different nutrition forms under non–irrigated conditions. In period April 2012 – May 2015 (without June 2014 and February 2015) experiment was carried out in warm and dry conditions in area of Nitra (Slovak Republic). Concentration of assimilation pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total carotenoids) was determined spectrophotometrically. The experiment was included 10 treatments: 1. Without fertilization, 2. Saltpetre with dolomite, superphosphate, potassium salt, 3. Turf fertilizer NPK 15-3-8 (+ 3MgO + 0.8 Fe + 18S), 4. Slow release fertilizer NPK 14-5-14 (+ 4CaO + 4MgO + 7S), 5. Controlled release fertilizer NPK (S) 13-9-18 (+ 6S), 6. Organic fertilizer NPK 5-1-1, 7. Organic fertilizer NPK 3-2-1 and 3 mycorrhizal preparations. The use of inorganic and organic fertilizers resulted in an increase chlorophyll a, b content and total chlorophyll in leaves Festuca spp. More pronounced increase in chlorophyll content was found by the application of the Turf fertilizer. Application of this fertilizer has a statistically significant effect on content of chlorophyll a + b than in the other evaluated treatments without turfs fertilized by Controlled release fertilizer and Organic fertilizer NPK 5-1-1. A statistically significant increase in the total carotenoids concentration was observed after the use of Saltpetre with dolomite, superphosphate, potassium salt and Turf fertilizer as compared to the non-fertilized control.

Soil structure and organic matter are important indicators of soil quality. In the literature it states that there is a linear relation between soil structure and the organic matter. Mechanisms of formation and stabilization of aggregates have also been described in the literature, but it is evident that not every mechanism is applicable to various soil-climatic conditions. Recently, the modern but not the new term has become a biochar. It is anticipated that biochar is a significant source of C, and its application to the soil will improve the aggregation process in the soil. Lately we have been working in this area and we wanted to provide an overview of this issue through this review. The aim of this review was to collate and synthesize available information on soil structure and SOM. The emphasis of this review is on biochar and its combination with other organic and mineral fertilizers in relation to soil structure.

Aim of this experiment was to determine the gross energy concentration of fresh, wilted and ensiled hybrid of Rumex patientia L. x Rumex tianschanicus A. Los. (Rumex OK 2). Samples were collected in autumn months of the year 2017. The plant of Rumex OK 2 consist during autumn months only from rosette of leaves. The height of leaves was in autumn months following, September 56.68±13.80 cm; October 59.29±11.93 cm and November 55.98±10.80 cm. Rumex OK 2 silage was made from wilted matter, with or without of addition of dried molasses. Gross energy was determined as the heat released after combustion of a sample (Leco AC 500) in MJ per kilogram of dry matter of the sample. By the autumn months the concentration of dry matter, as well as the concentration of gross energy increased, except Rumex OK 2 silage from November. The highest concentration of gross energy had wilted Rumex OK 2 from November (18.02 MJ.kg-1 of dry matter). There was no significant effect of addition of dried molasses to wilted Rumex OK 2 before ensiling on gross energy concentration in Rumex OK 2 silages (P>0.05). Gross energy concentration of all types of analysed samples had relative high value (16.98 to 18.02 MJ.kg-1 of dry matter). Fresh or ensiled Rumex OK 2 can be used as a part of feed ratio for ruminants or can be utilised in biogas station. However, due to the low content of dry mater in fresh or wilted material the production of silage can be in autumn months problematic.