„ai“ 349 výsledků

The aim of the study is to evaluate the relation of protein nutrition to transformation of nitrogen (N) from feed to milk and its urinary excretion in dairy cows under the farm conditions. In breeding conditions of dairy farms in the groups of dairy cows in the 1st phase of lactation, with low content of CP (139±11.8 g/kg), optimum (161.8±6.3 g/kg) and high content of CP (179.7±8.5 g/kg) in dry matter of total mix ration (TMR), was confirmed the effect of increased the level of ammonia (NH3) in the rumen (17.4±1.7; 19.6±2.3; 22.8±3.4 mg/100 ml). The same tendency with higher statistical significance (P<0.001) was confirmed to the increased concentration of urea in the blood (22.8±3.7; 27.8±4.8; 35.1±6.6 mg/dl) and to the concentration of urea in the milk (18.2±2.6; 24.8±3.9; 33.3±6.7mg/dl). In the groups with increasing content of CP in the TMR, the ecological load of the environment increases, that was confirmed by a significant increase (P<0.001) of excreted N in the urine (139.4±19.8; 189.5±30.4; 254.7± 51.3 g N/day) and an increase (P<0.001) in the emission of ammonia into the environment (68.1 ± 6.1; 83.7 ± 9.4; 103.8 ± 15.9 g/day). The highest efficiency of N utilization at the level of 31.1 ± 1.4 % was confirmed at a CP content of 150-170 g/kg dry matter of TMR. The evaluation of direct regression dependence between the analysed CP content in TMR and analysed parameters of N transformation in individual farms was confirmed a significant relationship in CP and NH3 content (r = 0.641), CP and urea in the blood (r = 0.689) resp. CP and excretion of N in urine (r = 0.600). Direct relation was confirmed by the analysed NH3 content in the rumen and the urea content in the blood (r = 0.795), and urea in the milk (r = 0.786), as well as the urea content in the blood in relation to the urea in the milk (r = 0.767). The obtained results confirm the suitability of the use of the monitored markers to assess the level of protein nutrition and the environmental load at the farm.

The growth intensity of cattle significantly affects their future production and reproduction performance. Despite this fact, many breeders underestimate the rearing of calves and heifers. Our study aimed to evaluate the growth intensity of Holstein calves and heifers in PD Devio Nové Sady based on non-contact measurement of live weight and body measurements through the analysis of digital images using the app AGRONINJA beefie3dTM. The growth intensity analysis was based on the standard Penn State protocol, which uses the Hoffman method to estimate growth standards. A total of 143 calves and heifers were evaluated in three independent measurements. Obtained data were compared to an optimal growth curve determined based on the weight and wither height of dairy cows on the third lactation and using a system of growth intensity requirements. The results showed several deficiencies in the growth intensity of animals on the selected farm. We observed a growth deficit in the height of the evaluated calves from 3 to approximately 4.5 months of age. In addition, we observed that heifers older than eight months exceeded the set weight optimum. We also found a significant decrease in growth intensity due to the disease which occurred in the herd. The results of this study showed that regular recording of data related to body measurements and weight, as well as their comparison with the required values, makes it possible to reveal and, at the same time, eliminate many deficiencies in the breeding of heifers that will form the future production herd.

Genotyping of 606 animals of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed was carried out in order to establish the features of genotype formation by beta-casein. It is established that the modern population of this breed has been formed using stud bulls of the Holstein breed, mainly of the American and German breeding. It is found that the original breed has determined the features of polymorphism of the beta-casein gene. According to the research results, it is proved that the existing genetic structure of stud bulls of the Holstein and Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breeds enables formation of populations homozygous by these characteristics in subsequent generations. Among the breeding stock of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed, the frequency of the desired A2A2 genotype was 33-53%. It is expected to increase the frequency of occurrence of individuals with the A2A2 genotype by beta-casein in subsequent generations, especially if stud bulls homozygous by A2A2 beta-casein is used.

The effect of growing maize with undersown crops on the content of mycotoxins in maize biomass was studied. Small plot experiments were conducted in 2019 on two sites with different soil and climatic conditions: Žabčice and Troubsko. Three treatments of intermediate crops (Italian ryegrass; Fodder vetch and a mixture of both) were undersown into the space between the rows of maize. The maize was harvested at a dry matter content of 35% at the Troubsko experimental site and 43% at the Žabčice experimental site. After the harvest of maize, samples of green biomass (shreddings) were dried at 60°C and then analyzed for the content of mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), aflatoxin (AF,L), and fumonisin (FUM). An average yield of maize shreddings ranged from 16.50 to 21.57 t/ha of dry matter within the individual treatment. The contents of mycotoxins from the sites differed in their statistical significance, and both experimental sites showed the lowest concentrations of AFL in maize shreddings while average concentrations of FUM and DON were always the highest. In most observations, treatments with the undersown crops reached the same values as the control treatment. Only in one treatment (mixture of Italian rye grass and Fodder vetch), an increase in the AFL content (by 0.3 µg/kg) was detected. Based on the performed analyses, it is possible to state that no adverse influence of undersown crops on the occurrence of mycotoxins in maize shreddings was recorded using the chosen methodology of cultivation. Exceeded limit values for the content of mycotoxins in feeds according to 2006/576/ were not recorded.

The aim of this work was to identify and quantify the relationships between dry matter content and key energy nutrients (water-soluble carbohydrates and starch) in silage maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) during vegetation development in the foothills of Slovakia. This work summarises the results of 9 experiments carried out at three locations (2016 to 2021: 140 different hybrids; 1,320 measured samples). Dry matter content was determined by a combination of gravimetric determination and measurement of water content in dried samples using the NIRS method (prediction model R2 0.987). We also determined the content of water soluble carbohydrates (prediction model R2 0.994) and starch (prediction model R2 0.978) in dry matter using the NIRS method. Using 3rd and 4th degree polynomial models, we evaluated the contents of these nutrients at a dry matter content level of 300 g.kg-1, which we can consider as a basic starting point for reaching maize silage maturity. Across individual years, and across groups of hybrids grouped according to silage maturity determined by dry matter content, water soluble sugar content reached 140 g.kg-1 of dry matter and starch content reached 280 g.kg-1 of dry matter at a dry matter content of 300 g.kg-1. We found the lowest variation coefficient (7.53%) when evaluating the relationship between dry matter and the sum of water-soluble carbohydrates together with starch. We suggest using this parameter as a second criterion for determining silage maturity, and also for classifying hybrids in silage maturity groups with rounding to a ten-day period.

1,2-propanediol (propanediol) represents an important glucoplastic substance for the nutritional requirements of highly productive cows, and its natural synthesis during silage fermentation is of great importance. The aim of this paper was to monitor the fermentation activity of two combinations of homo- and hetero-fermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in two preparations (preparation 1: L. buchneri, L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum; preparation 2: L. buchneri, L. rhamnosus, L. diolivorans). Propanediol production was monitored in maize silages at the following levels: cutting technology, hybrid, vegetation development, type of silage fermentation and length of fermentation time. From the point of view of silage alternatives, preparation 1 fulfilled the declared properties and had a demonstrably positive influence on the production of propanediol in maize silages from whole plants (average content of 4.93 g.kg-1). Propanediol production in the silage alternative with preparation 2 (average content of 1.33 g.kg-1) was higher when compared to the negative control (average content of 0.11 g.kg-1). The production of propanediol decreased with increasing dry matter content, which is directly related to the advancing vegetative development of plants. The type of silage fermentation and vegetation development had a statistically demonstrable effect on the level of propanediol production in maize silages. A statistically significant difference at the hybrid level was only identified with one hybrid. No statistically significant differences were found at the level of cutting technology and length of fermentation time. The fermentation activity of the Lactobacillus buchneri strain used depended on its combination with other homofermentative and/or heterofermentative LAB strains.

The aim of this review is to consolidate the already much published knowledge concerning the gastrointestinal tract of the dairy cow in relation to nutrition. This review document deals with the essential living conditions of dairy cows, with an attention to nutrition, and highlights the importance of correct ration design. Dairy cows in different production cycles have special requirements for the composition, structure and nutrient composition of their rations. This review document provides more detailed information on the physical structure of feedstuffs as well as the need for individual nutrients for the right functioning of the dairy cow. These elements determine total health, feed intake, rumination, the development of metabolic diseases and last but not least, milk yield and composition. Rumination is an important and valuable tool that indicates the correctness of these aspects. Many published studies point to the relationship between rumination and health status where early intervention can be made to prevent a reduction in milk yield and consequent negative selection from the breeding stock. Many studies describe rumination as an indicator that forms the basis of the herd on which the very substantial and developing benefits of breeding as well as reproduction itself are built. The rumination-based relationships of heat stress and dairy cow health are also nowadays receiving a great deal of attention in studies. In nowadays also receiving a great deal of attention in studies about relationship not only between rumination - heat stress but also dairy cow health status. Heat stress is characteristically labelled as an unwanted factor that has an adverse effect on dairy cow milk yield.

Field trials were conducted in the early cropping seasons of 2014, 2015 and 2016 at Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (7° 20‘ N, 3° 23‘ E) Nigeria to evaluate intercropped cucumber and jackbean as supplements to pre-emergence herbicides on growth and yield of maize. The treatments were arranged in a split – plot arrangement fitted into Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The six main plot treatments consisted of maize at 100 × 37.5 cm intercropped with cucumber, maize at 100 × 37.5 cm intercropped with jackbean, maize at 75 × 50 cm intercropped with cucumber, maize at 75 × 50 cm intercropped with jackbean, sole maize at 100 × 37.5 cm, sole maize at 75 × 50 cm, completed the treatments as controls. Eight treatments were assigned to the sub – plot. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance while significant means were separated using Duncan`s Multiple Range Test (p <0.05). Sole maize at 75 × 50 cm and the intercrop with jackbean consistently produced significantly higher (p <0.05) shoot dry matter, compared to other cropping patterns while maize intercropped with cucumber depressed the aforementioned parameter. Propaben at 1.6 kg a.i·ha-1 followed by (fb) supplementary hoe weeding (SHW) resulted in higher stand count, vigour score, shoot dry matter and maize cob yield relative to other weed control methods. Therefore, maize should be planted at 75 × 50 cm with or without jackbean and sprayed with Propaben at 1.6 kg a.i·ha-1 fb SHW as this gave the maximum values.

Bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a devastating plant disease on potato plant. This study aimed to screen endophytic bacteria isolated from potato roots planted in middle latitude areas and confirm their antagonistic potential against R. solanacearum. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from healthy potato roots (Granola cultivar) grown in the middle latitude area (500–700 m.a.s.l.) in Bumiaji Sub-District, Batu City, East Java, Indonesia. In this study, 130 endophytic bacteria were isolated. As a result, eight endophytic bacterial isolates were found as potential antagonists against potato wilt diseases (R. solanacearum) i.e., E1, E5, E6, E104, E117, E120, E121, and E129. Based on in vivo test, E1 isolate reduced the bacterial wilt disease in potato by 20.74% and significantly increased plant growth (plant height and plant dry weight). The ability of the endophytic bacteria to produce the antibiosis substance against the R. solanacearum and their ability to reduce bacterial wilt disease in vivo suggests that those bacterial isolates have the potency to be developed as the candidates for biocontrol agents against bacterial wilt disease caused by R. solanacearum. However, it is necessary to identify the molecular bacteria isolated in this study to determine which species can suppress wilt disease and increase the growth of potato plants.

The pilot survey among 36 Simmental cattle breeders in Slovakia was performed by an expert visiting farms and filling a questionnaire with farm managers. Data on the factors that influence the emission factors of ammonia, methane or nitrous oxide are needed to provide support for sustainable livestock production policies. Highest milk production (8305±828 kg) was found in the group with intensive production system comprising 7078 cows. Extensive systems were represented by only 2 farms with 451 cows producing 5527±1094 kg of milk. All farms used phase feeding, only 15% of all cows in the survey were grazing. The dominant way of handling animal waste was solid manure with straw bedding (30 farms), while slurry prevailed for the remaining farms. There were 8 farms (2095 cows) equipped with surface covered tanks, bags or using natural crust to reduce emission from slurry storage. Median emission factors of a dairy cow based on survey data were 137.21 kg, 0.850 kg and 50.79 kg per year for methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia, respectively. When aggregated by manure management, cows producing solid manure had a lower emission factor for methane but higher for ammonia and nitrous oxide compared to cows under liquid manure management. Linking data from various aspects of dairy production at farm level supports holistic approach as important for evaluation of food systems in the future.

The aim of this work was to investigate the ability of some mosses to grow under a “canopy” of larger life-forms of the other moss species, because at the moment this subject is poorly studied. On the northern slope of the Stradch Mountain (Yavoriv District, Lviv Region, Ukraine) in a 100-year old Pinus sylvestris planting it was identified two moss species, gametophytes of which grew under a moss “canopy”: rare and the near threatened Buxbaumia viridis, which is in the Ukrainian and European Red-list books and a common species of Ukrainian bryoflora Plagiomnium rostratum. On the investigated site B. viridis grew exclusively on the ground adjacent to tree roots, with its gametophytes under the canopy of moss Dicranella heteromalla. P. rostratum occured freely on the ground or hidden under the “canopy” of wefts of Pleurozium schreberi, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Thuidium tamariscinum or tufts of Polytrichastrum longisetum. Without moss “canopy” P. rostratum occurred only on quite shaded ground. On well-illuminated sites P. rostratum occurred exclusively being fully hidden. This study brings new information about the ecology of B. viridis and P. rostratum: the ability of their gametophytes to grow on the ground under a “canopy” of other moss species.

The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters for the birth weight and weaning weight in Charolais and Limousine cattle breeds. In this study was used the records from 2018 calves from Charolais breed and 2099 calves from Limousine breed for the birth weight while for weaning weight the records were from 1125 calves Charolais and 1092 calves Limousine. The genetic parameters were estimated with maternal animal model. The data were from Romanian Breeding Association for beef cattle. The direct heritability of birth weight and weaning weight were 0.67 and 0.35 for Charolais breed while for Limousine breed were 0.70 and 0.69. The maternal heritability of birth weight and weaning weight were 0.26 and 0.12 for Charolais and 0.245, 0.249 respectively for Limousine breed. The total heritability for birth weight and weaning weight was high in Charolais and Limousine breeds. Direct-maternal correlations were negative for birth weight (-0.340) for Charolais and (-0.311) for Limousine and for weaning weight (-0.306) for Charolais and (-0.290) for Limousine.

The identification of necrophagous individuals on a dead body is most often associated with forensic practice and the field of forensic entomology. Insects are found on a dead body depending on climatic conditions, with the seasons naturally accelerating the decomposition of tissues, and successive waves gradually reducing the amount of soft tissue remaining. The aim of this work was to compare the composition of the necrophagous invertebrate species occurring on the different carcasses (Gallus gallus vs. Sus scrofa f. domestica). A second objective was to evaluate which of the identification tools comparing COI gene sequences is currently more appropriate for barcoding and whether there are significant differences in the results of the BOLD and BLAST identification tools between the samples examined. Molecular determination was done using Sanger sequencing of the COI fragment of mitochondrial DNA. In total, 96 individuals and 13 species were identified in the Gallus gallus carcass and 50 individuals and 17 species on the Sus scrofa (f. domestica) carcass. Calliphora vomitoria was determined as most abundant species in both carcasses. The reliability of the BOLD and BLAST identification methods is comparably high

The aim of this review, which has been compiled on the basis of the available existing literature, is to summarise the basic information regarding alimentary metabolic disorders in high-producing dairy cows. The disorders included in this review are among the most commonly occurring in herds. Specifically, ketosis, acidosis and milk fever. It is known worldwide that high producing dairy cows are more susceptible to ruminal dysfunction - alimentary metabolic disorders. Causes of alimentary metabolic disorders can be of different nature, such as unbalanced feed ration, stress, inadequate management and environmental factors, genetic factors and various infections or diseases of the animals. The most frequent cause of metabolic disorders is considered to be the feeding of an inadequate ration with an excess or deficiency of the required nutrients. Dairy cows must be fed a ration containing all nutrients in the correct proportions to maintain optimum metabolic function. The physical structure of the forage itself has a major influence on the health status of dairy cows and the development of dysfunctions, where not maintaining the correct technique (structure) has a negative impact on the overall rumen complex of the dairy cow.

The effect of different fertilizers (digestate, Ureastabil) and their combinations with strip-till/no-till technology on yield and selected quality parameters of the maize hybrid KWS Kampinos (FAO 200) in a dual cropping system (winter rye - maize) was assessed in two-year field trials (harvest 2021-2022). A significant influence of year was found in most monitored parameters. A total of 6 variants were compared, 2 variants with no-till and 4 variants with strip-till. After using the strip-till method, the silage maize yield increased significantly (11.8 – 15.4 t DM/ha) compared to the no-till method, either on the unfertilized variant (8.3 t DM/ha) or after applying fertilizer Ureastabil (11.44 t DM/ha). When using the strip-till method, no significant differences in the yield of silage maize (average over 2 years) were demonstrated between these three fertilized variants: Ureastabil (14.03 t DM/ha); digestate + Ureastabil (15.4 t DM/ha), digestate (14.2 t DM/ha) at total dose of 120 kg N/ha for each variant. The dry matter content of the silage biomass was insignificant between all the variants (32.0 – 34.1%). Differences in quality parameters of silage under the influence of fertilization variants were minimal (crude protein, starch, ash, ADF) or none (NDF). From the results obtained, it can be concluded that maize can be successfully grown and fertilized with strip-till soil conservation technology.

Due to the climate change, constant increase in air and soil temperatures, moisture deficiency, agricultural production requires highly adaptive varieties that would provide sufficient yields even under adverse environmental conditions. Our breeding work is aimed at creating varieties of this type. The paper presents the results of the long-term research on assessment of soybean varieties by their adaptability under different soil and climatic conditions by the yield, duration of the growing season and reproductive periods. The stability and plasticity of the researched varieties was determined using the Ebergard and Russell method. According to the research results, Artemida, Hoverla and Amethyst varieties were classified as highly plastic (bi>1) by the yield and they provided the yields of 1.95, 2.2 and 2.1 t/ha. In terms of duration of the growing season (BBCH-10-99), Amethyst, Hoverla, Artemida and Vezha provided high adaptability. These varieties were characterized by the conservative reaction to the change in hydrothermal and soil conditions ensuring stable indicators by the duration of the growing season (BBCH-10-99), coefficient of pasticity (bi) was under 1. The longest flowering-maturation period (BBCH-60-99) was observed in the following varieties: Amethyst – 69.1, Hoverla – 69.0, and Artemida – 69.1 days. The flowering-maturation period (BBCH-60-99) was under one. By the duration of the flowering-maturation period (BBCH-60-99), Amethyst, Hoverla, and Artemida varieties had the highest values of homeostaticity (Hom1 and Hom2), in particular, they were 32.8, 3.64 in Artemida, 30.2, 3.76 in Amethyst, 27.15 and 3.02 in Hoverla varieties.

Despite the critical role played by roots for the acquisition of water and nutrients from the soil, especially in stressful conditions; root characteristics are rarely utilized as selection criteria to improve nutrient uptake efficiency in maize breeding programs. In this study, seedlings of twelve Algerian maize populations with two commercial maize hybrids were evaluated to: (i) study the phenotypic variation of nine root traits under low nitrogen (LN) and high nitrogen (HN) levels and (ii) determine root traits accounting for most of the phenotypic variation among the evaluated populations. High phenotypic diversity was observed for all studied traits under both N levels. Under LN conditions, seedlings adapt by rapidly increasing their root systems to exploit nitrogen (N) resources, resulting in significant increases in primary root length (PRL), seminal root length (SRL), seminal root number (SRN), and total root length (TRL). Conversely, shoot dry weight (SDW) decreased. The first two principal components explained 73.46 and 74.82% of the total variation among the maize populations under LN and HN conditions, respectively. Thus, root dry weight (RDW) and TRL were major contributors of the phenotypic variation. In addition, RDW and TRL were significantly correlated with most of the other traits under both N levels. Therefore, during the seedling stage, RDW and TRL can be used as favorable selection criteria. This diversity gives opportunities for enhancing N use efficiency, potentially leading to reducing N fertilizer requirements. As a result, this can contribute to reduce input costs and maintaining environmental quality.

The objective was to analyse (1) relationships between somatic cell score (SCS) i.e. logarithmic transformation of somatic cell count (SCC) and daily milk yield and milk components (fat, protein and lactose contents), and (2) factors aff ecting variation of these traits in Hostein cows. Test day records (10,892) from 2015 to 2020 were investigated. Relationships were characterized using linear correlations. Eff ects of fi xed factors: SCC class, parity, month in milk, sampling year and season, and random factors of cow and residual error were evaluated using mixed model. The factor SCC class was omitted in the analysis of SCS. There were found negative correlation coeffi cients between SCS and milk yield (-0.25) and lactose content (-0.36), and positive correlation coefficients between SCS and fat content (+0.12), and between SCS and protein content (+0.15). The considered fixed factors showed the significant influence on investigated traits. With increasing SCC, milk yield and lactose content decreased and fat and protein contents increased (this pattern agreed with pattern of correlation coeffi cients). Milk yield, fat and protein contents and SCS were lower in primiparas than in multiparas; lactose content showed the opposite pattern. The lowest milk yield and lactose content were found in autumn; the lowest fat and protein contents were found in summer. The highest SCS found in winter did not confi rm a hypothesis that higher temperatures and humidity have impact on cows’ susceptibility to infections and the number of pathogens to those cows are exposed. Further research is needed.

Protein ratio and amino acid composition vary considerably in maize according to the level of opacity. In this study, the total protein content, amounts of some essential amino acids (lysine and tryptophan) and quantitative and qualitative variation of protein fractions in maize seed samples separated according to different opacity levels were investigated. In the study, 6 local maize landraces with opaque kernel structure and 3 standards were used. The field trial was carried out in 2021 according to the complete blocks trial design with 3 replications. Samples of local maize landraces from the field experiment were separated on a light table according to 5 different opacity levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). Protein content, lysine and tryptophan contents, albumin + globulin, glutelin and zein contents were analyzed in the samples separated by their opacity. In addition, protein fractions were subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis and the changes in protein bands according to opacity level were examined. Differences between genotypes, opacity levels and their interaction were illustrated with box plot and PCA-Biplots. Two-way dendrograms were created for qualitative discrimination. The results of the study showed that there were significant changes in protein amount and quality according to the opacity levels of the genotypes. The protein contents of the genotypes were 5.95–10.22%, lysine contents 0.33–0.46%, tryptophan contents 0.032–0.083%, albumin + glubulin contents 1.92–2.72%, glutelin contents 0.64–1.08%, and zein contents 1.59–1.99%. There was a significant difference in presence or absence according to the opacity levels in the protein fractions.