„ai“ 355 výsledků

The effect of use of complete feed with different protein levels on the morphological composition of the body and the amino acid content of trout meat proteins is studied in the article. For this purpose, five experimental groups were formed by the analog method. The study lasted 210 days and was divided into two periods: equalizing (10 days) and basic (200 days). In the equalizing period, the trial fish consumed feed of the control group. In the basic period, the level of protein in the feed of trout of the experimental groups was regulated by changing individual components of the feed. Feeding of rainbow trout in the study period was performed 4-6 times a day, in the day time at regular intervals. The required amount of feed was calculated according to the indicators of individual fish weight and ambient temperature at the time of feeding. Rearing of commercial two-year-old ones was performed in ponds with an area of 100 m2 at a fish-holding density of 50 specimens/m2 and a water level of 1 m. The total number of trout in experimental studies was 25 thousand specimens. The use of feed with high crude protein content in the period of commercial rainbow trout rearing improves their commercial properties, while fish feeding with feed with crude protein content at the level of 44% leads to a decrease in their productivity.

This work done in Arboretum Stradch (Ukraine) extended the investigation of the epiphyllous bryophytes diversity in the temperate zone started by Pundiak and Michalko (2020) in Arboretum Mlyňany (Slovakia). It was identified two taxa of not typically epiphyllous bryophytes, all belonging to mosses and considered as generalists and obligate members of bryoflora of Ukraine at low risk of extinction: Brachythecium salebrosum (Hoffm. ex F. Weber & D. Mohr) Schimp. and Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. As epiphylls these taxa were also the most abundant in Mlyňany. The both identified epiphylls occurred mainly on young individuals of a gymnosperm phorophyte Abies alba Mill., which grew near the trunks of 50 years lindens Tilia cordata Mill. abundantly covered by mosses. H. cupressiforme also occurred rarely on leaves of two deciduous angiosperm phorophytes: Corylus avellana L. and Ulmus glabra Huds. growing near trunks of 140 years oaks Quercus robur L. densely covered by the same moss species. B. salebrosum occurred also on one species of evergreen angiosperm phorophyte Rubus caesius L. (near mentioned trunks of T. cordata) and on one species of deciduous angiosperm phorophyte Ulmus glabra Huds. (near mentioned trunks of Q. robur), but scarcely.

The aim of the study was to observe the salivary concentrations of cortisol in horses during daily routine over the course of four weeks lasting experiment in three different stages of day to monitor the changing values of cortisol in horse saliva during the day. Saliva was obtained from 12 Slovak warmblood horses – 1 stallion, 6 mares and 5 geldings. In the experiment we focused purely on changes of salivary cortisol concentrations over the course of the daily routine.The results shown us multiple significant changes between individual sample collections and thus, we can state that according to our results the highest concentration of cortisol in horse saliva is in the morning and it decreases throughout the day with lowest measured concentrations being in the final sample collection of the day (at 22:00). These changes had no visible effect on horses´ organism throughout entirety of the experiment and were caused due to horses daily rhythm.

The purpose of the study was to asses the effect of calving season and dams’ parity on milk yield and gestation length of dairy cows. We examined 93 animals of Slovak spotted breed from the farm located in western Slovakia (Lower Váh region), in years 2014-2017. The herds’ average 305-d milk yield was 8133±1380 kg. The calving season was divided into four categories: spring (March to May), summer (June to August), autumn (September to November) and winter (December to February). The factor of dams parity was divided into 4 groups: 1st parity cows, 2nd-3rd parity cows, 4th and higher parity cows. Calving season affected significantly milk yield of dairy cows (P < 0.01). The highest 305-d milk production was oberved in winter calvings (8942±218 kg) and the lowest in spring calvings (7377±287 kg). The gestation length was not signifficantly altered by calving season (P > 0.32). Dams’ parity was not significantly affected by 305-d milk yield (P > 0.22). Nevertheless, the animals on the 4th and higher lactation were numerically more productive (8481±259 kg) compared to the dairy cows on their 1st,2nd-3rd lactation (8123±264 kg; 7884±223 kg; resp.). The dams’ parity significantly affected gestation length (P < 0.02), with the shortest gestation length in 1st parity dams (278±2 days) and the longest gestation in 2nd-3rd parity dams (284±1 days).To sum up, our results suggest significant role of calving season in relation to milk yield and significant effect of dams’ parity on gestation length.

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of live yeast additive to cattle ration on milk yield of dairy cows. The research was conducted on a dairy farm, on a sample of 265 dairy cows during winter. The dairy cows were fed with a feed containing live yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae species (CNCM I-1077). The dosage was 2.1010 cfu.head-1.day-1. Milk yield and the components of milk were monitored for a three-month-long period – starting one month before the supplementation of yeast to feed and ending two months after. The addition of live yeast to cattle ration had a significant positive impact already in the first month on milk yield (+1.25 kg.day-1), and the amount of fat (+0.055 kg.day-1), protein (+0.057 kg.day-1), lactose (+0.056 kg.day-1) and milk solids (+0.170 kg.day-1) contained in milk (p<0.001). The general conclusion of the experiment is, that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae additive had an apparent positive impact on milk yield and milk components.

The objective of this study was to analyse costs and incomes from milk/cheese and lamb production in dairy sheep flocks and to evaluate their economic efficiency by calculating the profit/loss that is expressed as the difference between these two economic indicators. Costs were calculated taking into account their individual item structure, revenues were calculated taking into account sales of milk/cheese and lamb production. The analysis included three-year period i.e. years 2017, 2018 and 2019. The object of investigations were twelve and thirteen dairy sheep flocks per year, respectively. Economic indicators were expressed in Eur per feeding day (costs) and/or in Eur per ewe and year (costs, sales, subsidies, profit/loss). Milk and lamb sales did not cover up costs spent on production and accounting for subsidy improved economic efficiency of dairy sheep only to a lower extent. Sheep farming thus produced with the loss. Across years, milk and lamb sales almost unchanged, whereas costs notably increased. No ability to cover up costs with revenues could become an obstacle for further survival of this livestock sector. The increase of both milk yield and lamb production is therefore needed.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the claw diseases of dairy cows on the protein and urea content in milk. The study was conducted on 198 dairy cows, half of which was lame. Animals were divided into three groups according to their current phase of lactation. The cause of lameness was diagnosed in the claw crush. Milk samples were taken from all animals and the protein and urea content were determined. The content of protein and urea in milk of the lame cows in the first phase of lactation was reduced by 9.55 % and 29.9 %, respectively. Lame cows in the second phase of lactation had milk and urea content reduced by 6.94 % and 18.9 %, respectively. The cows in the third phase of lactation had content of milk protein and urea decreased by 10.3 % and 18 %, respectively. These results point to the fact that painful claw diseases affect the protein and urea content of milk.

The aim of the study was to compare improved bedding composition with conventional straw bedding under farm conditions, regarding its effects on the indicator microorganisms influencing hygiene levels. Dairy cows were housed in newly-built stables divided into two parts each with four sections and bedded cubicles arranged in three rows. In the first part, the bedded cubicle floors were layered with straw up to a height of 20 cm. In the second part, the cubicles were layered to a height of 20 cm with improved bedding composition consisting of recycled manure solids (RMS; 10 kg), ground limestone (200 kg), straw (40 kg) and water (110 l). After layering the bedding was treated with a concrete selector to provide strength and sufficient resistance. Samples for microbiological examination were taken from four sections according to the time interval of production and bedding. From three sections were taken bedding samples according to a new recipe in intervals of 1-3 months after its use. A control sample of bedding, consisting of straw, was taken from the last, fourth section. Comparing classical straw bedding with the improved recipe bedding, the total viable count (TVC) and coliforms bacteria (CB) in a first and second month after laying were found to be reduced. In addition to TVC and CB, decreased numbers of faecal coliforms (FC) and faecal streptococci (FS) were observed in the first, second and third months after layering. In addition to reducing the number of microorganisms, the improved bedding showed a stabilizing effect by keeping the litter thickness up to the bedding threshold (200 mm), which has a beneficial effect for increased purity of the body and udder.

The objective of this study was to analyse eight milk yield and longevity traits in dependence on feeding (grazing) system. Data of purebred Slovak Spotted dairy cows (35,812 heads) culled in the period between 2006 and 2019 were evaluated. Only herds those feeding (grazing) system was known were taken into account. Dairy cows were assigned to four groups: (1) heifers not grazed, cows not grazed (17,628 heads), (2) heifers grazed, cows not grazed (13,056 heads), (3) heifers not grazed, cows grazed (156 heads) and (4) heifers grazed, cows grazed (4,972 heads). The highest average 305-day milk yield (6,139.22 kg) and lifetime milk yield (18,606.78 kg) were found in animals of group (1). Contrariwise, longevity traits were found more favourable in animals of group (4). Their productive life was by 102.78 days longer and average parity was by 0.14 higher in comparison to group (1). The differences between groups were found significant.

The purpose of the work was aimed at determining changes in locomotion activity of dairy cows with healthy claws, as opposed to cows suffering from claw disorders. To achieve this goal, Heatime RuminAct technical equipment was used. Data gathering took place at the dairy farm of University of Agriculture in Nitra, where locomotion activity was measured via Heatime RuminAct hardware with DataFlowTMII software. This data came from 87 dairy cows, whose locomotion activity was monitored during a period of 21 days. This period consisted of 10 days of monitoring before the claw trimming, monitoring during the day of the trimming, and afterwards, another 10 days of monitoring after the trimming was complete. Units of locomotion activity in 24 hours (u.24h-1) were used to formulate the locomotion activity of the dairy cows. Health conditions of claws of the dairy cows were recorded and based on the presence of claw disorders, the cows were divided into two groups - cows with observed claw disorders formed a group of 33 cows, and cows exhibiting no claw disorder related symptoms formed a group of 54 cows. Conclusions based on results from the data gathered confirm a crucial difference in locomotion activity between healthy cows and cows afflicted by claw disorders.

The aim of this study was to evaluate lactose in relation to milk production and calving interval in dairy cows of Slovak Spotted cattle. A total of 92,730 lactations from 45,800 dairy cows evaluation from 2015 to 2019 were used for investigating lactose percentage (LP), milk yield (MY), lactose yield (LY), fat percentage (FP), proteins percentage (PP) and calving interval (CI). Data were analysed using the SAS version 9.4 and linear model with fixed effects: herd-years-season (HYS), sire (S), breeding type (BT), coding of milk (Cod-MY) and coding of calving interval (Cod-CI). In the dataset the average of LP was 4.77±0.20 %, while the one of MY, LY, FP, PP and CI were 6,778.53±2,014.18 kg, 325.27±100.45 kg, 3.96±0.47 %, 3.39±0.23 % and 406.66±91.09 days. The correlation of LP with MY, LY, FP, PP and CI was equal to r = 0.1712, r = 0.3157, r = 0.0546, r = 0.1852 and r = -0.0147. These correlation coefficients were statistically highly significant P <0.0001. Among all fixed effects in the analysis of variance of LP, the most relevant effect was observed for HYS (P<.0001).

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of training process on changes of quantitative and qualitative indicators of the movement mechanics of sport horses. A load controller was used to evaluate the motion mechanics. The training load was divided into three stages with different lengths, speeds and degrees of load. Tested animals were 14 horses of Slovak Warmblood breed. Our results have shown that gradual increase of load in the tested horses resulted in better spaciousness of movement, which was reflected in the elongation of the horse´s stride, regular movement and significant energy of the pelvic limbs (p<0.05). From our findings we can state that the effect of gender did not have significant effect on the number and length of steps in each degree of load. We have noticed a significant difference (p<0.05) in the „number of steps“ parameter between the age categories of horses in the age up to 7 years (3.460±619) and the category aged up to 14 years (3.383±572). Gradual increase of the training load led to the economization of the movement and the long-term training process sled to the adaptation of the organism to repeated load.

The study is focused to analyse of the relationship between composite type traits evaluated by new system Fleckscore and functional length of productive life in the Slovak Simmental cows. All cows was scored in the first parity just because 85% data were censored. The score of frame, feet and legs, muscularity and udder was between 68 and 93 points.The lowest risk of culling was found for muscularity (0.591) at the group scored between 84 and 93 points,for udder (0.879) and feet and legs (0.751) scored between 77 - 79 points and for frame (0.816) at the score 80 points. Rate of culled cows on first or second parity was 15 %. Within this group, diseases and fertility disorders (involuntary culling) represented 23 % culling cows.

The polymorphism of the kappa-casein gene (CSN3) has been studied in cows of the Lebedyn, Simmental, Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breeds using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. The TaqMan® SNP Genotyping Assays use TaqMan® 5´-nuclease chemistry for amplifying and detecting specific polymorphisms in purified genomic DNA samples. All assays are developed using Life Technologies robust bioinformatics assay design process relying on a pipeline using heuristic rules deduced from both manufacturing and assay performance data. The objective of our study is to evaluate the cattle of Ukrainian domestic dairy breeds according to the kappa-casein genotype. It has been shown that the distribution of genotype frequency differs significantly in different breeds: Lebedyn – 19% A/A, 50% A/B and 31% B/B; Ukrainian Brown dairy – 30% А/А, 41% A/B and 30% B/B; Simmental – 44% A/A, 46% A/B and 10% B/B; Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy – 58% A/A, 27% A/B and 15% B/B. The results obtained indicate the prospects of breeding work towards creating herds with the BB genotype in the Brown cattle. The accelerated formation of the desired genetic combinations in micropopulations (herds), with the needs of the processing industry, primarily cheesemakers, is possible in the population of the Brown and Lebedyn breed. Such work with dairy herds of the Ukrainian Black-and-White and Simmental breeds requires more time for selection due to the low frequency of BB genotypes in cattle of these breeds.

Currently, the prices of dairy cows feed with protein concentrates are rising and the climate change is also manifesting itself with a growing drought in animal production. These are the reasons why there is an increasing interest in growing silage from legume–cereal mixtures (L-C-M) and in increasing their share in feed rations for dairy cows. Furthermore, the L-C-Ms improve the soil fertility during the crop rotation. The effect of these feeds on milk quality was evaluated by adding L-C-M silages into feeding rations. Czech Fleckvieh and Holstein breed dairy cows (8 herds; feeding periods without and with L-C-M silages) were included in the evaluation for 3 years. There were used 126 L-C-M (experimental) and 463 control (without L-C-M) bulk tank milk samples in this dairy analysis. Lactose content, solids non fat content and total count of mesophilic bacteria in milk of L-C-M group was increased as compared to control (zero hypothesis probability varied from P ≤ 0.05 to P ≤ 0.001). On the contrary, as new knowledge, milk freezing point depression and somatic cell counts were decreased in L-C-M group as compared to control (P ≤ 0.001 and P ≤ 0.05). Other milk indicators such as contents of fat, crude protein, milk urea and thermostability (P > 0.05) were not affected by evaluated factor. The residues of inhibitory substances in bulk tank milk in the L-C-M group were not indicated, but one case was in the control group. Feeding of dairy cows with an increased proportion of L-C-M silage in the roughage component a part of the feeding ration is a safe way to replace part of the protein concentrates in animal feeding, regarding milk quality.

In industrial complexes, the environment for fattening pigs has limited space and often does not respect natural behaviour of pigs. The implementation of EU legislation in Ukraine requires from farmers to use enrichment materials that improve the welfare of pigs. This article shows possible solution for big industrial challenge – creating of comfortable conditions for pigs, which meet their ethological needs. The experiment was performed on 180 pigs. From 77 days of age, all experimental animals were divided into three groups (on the principle of analogues) of 60 heads in each. As criteria of aggressive social behaviour the fights and biting were chosen. It was found that at the first period of fattening in pigs of the control group (no enrichment materials) 24 cases of biting were registered, in animals with straw blocks (experimental group II) – 6, with plastic bottles filled with grain (experimental group III) – 4 cases. At the second period of fattening, the situation regarding intragroup aggression was identical to the first one, which was reflected by the level of the cortisol in the blood serum. Among pigs that had free access to enrichment materials, a significant increase in their live weight by 2.4–5.8%, and in average daily gain by 1.4–27.6% compared with animals in the control group was registered. This study aims to prove that the use of enrichment materials for fattening pigs helps to identify their natural behaviour in industrial complexes, avoids social aggression, increases productivity and improves their welfare.

The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, is the most important ectoparasite of livestock throughout the world. Entomopathogenic fungi are natural antagonists of stable flies with the potential to be used as biocontrol agents in integrated management programmes of this pest. The prevalence and species diversity of entomopathogenic fungi in populations of the stable fly were documented on a dairy cattle farm in south-western Slovakia. The prevalence of fungal infection was low and the maximum percentage of infected flies reached 2.72% during the season. Three Beauveria species were identified from infected flies, B. bassiana, B. pseudobassiana and B. brongniartii. Beauveria pseudobassiana and B. brongniartii are reported from S. calcitrans for the first time. In laboratory tests, the pathogenicity of four entomopathogenic fungi B. bassiana, B. pseudobassiana, M. anisopliae and Isaria fumosorosea against adult stable flies was compared. The flies were susceptible to infection by the fungi and the most virulent isolate of B. bassiana (IKEP10) was selected for spore formulation testing and field trials. We tested three types of spore formulations and the aqueous spore suspension was more effective against stable flies than spores formulated in the powder or oil suspension. Repeated treatments of the interior of the stable with B. bassiana spores at fortnightly intervals during June–August resulted in a 10 times higher prevalence of fungal infection in the stable fly population compared with the untreated stable, but the treatments did not effectively reduce the fly population. The selected B. bassiana isolate may represent an interesting tool in the biocontrol of stable fly populations, but further experiments are needed to design an appropriate formulation and enhance its efficacy.

Drought is the major bottleneck for food security worldwide. Identifying reliable selection traits that sustain plant growth and productivity under water-deficient conditions is essential for releasing resilient drought tolerant wheat genotypes. Herein, in order to identify the best combination of drought tolerance related-traits, this study was carried out to assess the effect of 21 shoot and 17 root secondary traits on grain yield of 40 bread wheat genotypes from germination to maturity stages under laboratory, greenhouse and field conditions. In this research, germination rate (GR), mean germination time (MGT), roots weight (RW), roots number (RN) and Root : Shoot ratio (R/S) were relevant for discriminating drought tolerant genotypes, expressing negative moderate correlation (r~-0.5) and explaining a significant part of yield variation (8 to 30%). Grain number (GN) was the most important agronomic trait (r~0.70-0.94) which explained up to 88 % of yield variation. This latter effect is reinforced by the indirect effects of productive spikes number (FSN), thousand kernel weight (TKW) and grains number per fertile spike (GNFS). The biomass (BY), ground cover (GC), spike (SL) and pedoncule lengths (PL) were also relevant, especially under severe stress (r=0.4-0.6 ; β=0.33-0.40) ; while the canopy temperature depression (CTD) was determinant under moderate stress (r=-0.45 ; β=-0.46). Combined selection for these traits will be effective to improve the process of developing high-yielding bread wheat varieties adapted to drought prone areas.