„breed“ 119 výsledků

The Saris Giant Rabbit (Šo) is a hitherto unrecognized breed of rabbit. The aim of this study was to analyse the Saris Giant rabbit and hybrids with a German Giant Spot (NoS) (50 – 12.5 %) to selected parameters (reproduction, production) in small stud. All rabbits used for research were raised within a home environment. Number of live born kits in litter was 6.73±2.57 (NoS 50) – 7.38±2.41 (Šo). Number of weaned kits in litter was 6.18±2.55 (NoS 50) – 6.73±2.50 (Šo). Without statistically significant differences. Number of live born kits and weaned kits in litter was without statistically significant differences. The average daily gains up to the age of 240 days were Šo - 22.39 g, NoS 50 - 26.08 g, NoS 25 – 24.27 g, NoS 12.5 – 23.10 g. Carcass yield in Saris Giant rabbit breed were 54.69 ± 1.80 and 53.28 ± 2.24 – 54.91 ± 1.42 % in hybrids (Nos 25 – NoS 50). Without statistically significant differences.

The use of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data had become commonplace in animal breeding activities and management of livestock populations. The cost-effective genotyping allowed us to assess entire populations and learn about their history on the genomic level. This paper reviews several approaches that are commonly used in the context of genomic diversity in livestock, such as the linkage disequilibrium (LD) and assessment of autozygosity via runs of homozygosity (ROH). Both methods, however, are being used to assess the impact of natural or artificial selection on the livestock genome. Apart from these selection signatures, both the LD and ROH are used to assess the effective population size (Ne), which likewise, serves as a diversity management tool and describes the historical events in populations.

The objective of this study was to compare some internal and external quality parameters of eggs during laying period at 7, 8 and 13 months of hen´s age.Hens of genetic animal resources of the Oravka breed from NAFC-RIAP Nitra were included in experiment. In our experiment the average egg weight was significantly increased with the age of the laying hens (P<0.0001, P=0.0076). There were significant differences in egg length and egg width, but no significant differences in egg shape index. The thickness of eggshell was demonstrably thinner in all measured positions of the egg with increasing age of laying hens. The average eggshell thickness decreased from 429.30 ± 1.25 µm to 420.98 ± 1.30 µm (P<0.0001) during the laying The albumen weight during laying varied from 31.29±0.36 g to 33.22±0.35 g. Albumen height and Haugh Unit measure the viscosity of the thick albumen. The Haugh Unit in Oravka breed were lower in the oldest hens(69.17±1.36). All yolk characteristics increased with age. The yolk weight increased from 14.64±0.21 g at the age of 7 months to 19.67±0.27 g at the age of 13 months (P<0.0001).We found significant differences in yolk colour only between hens of 8 and 13 months age (P=0.0021).

During their career, horses are affected by a large number of direct and indirect factors. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of indirect factors, such as year of start, sex, breed, number of starts, age and proportion of genes of Slovak Warmblood horse breed. For determination of indirect factors on performance level, results from test efficiency and final placement in showjumping category 4, 5 and 6 years old young horses were used. 540 horses of Slovak Warmblood breed were analysed between 2015 - 2019 and 1155 data samples were collected. Based on the results of the linear model, parameters – the effect of gender and the influence of the gene proportion of Slovak Warmblood horse had statistically significant influence (p<0.05). High significant effect (p<0.001) on performance of Slovak Warmblood horse was observed in parameters – year of start, age during start and breed.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of sex on selected fattening, carcass and qualitative veal parameters of Slovak Simmental breed. The comparison was carried out on the 8 male and the 8 female animals. The animals were reared under the same housing conditions and were fed with grass hay (ad libitum), feed straw and calves feed concentrate, and had a free access to the fresh water. The fattening period started from about 70 days of age to required final weight. Length of the fattening period was 180 days. The slaughter and carcass composition, carcass yield, qualitative, physical and technological characteristics of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle were studied. We found a significantly higher proportion of bones and a significantly higher proportion of separable fat in the carcass half in males. Higher proportion of meat were found in females. At the heifers was found, although not significantly, a higher proportion of internal fat (rumen, intestinal, kidney, pelvic). Significantly different pH measured 24 hours post mortem was found between males and females (P<0.01). Parameter of meat colour – lightness was higher identified in male calves at 24 hour and 7 days post mortem. Higher redness value was identified in female calves at 24 hour and 7 days post mortem.

The aim of this study was to evaluate lactose in relation to milk production and calving interval in dairy cows of Slovak Spotted cattle. A total of 92,730 lactations from 45,800 dairy cows evaluation from 2015 to 2019 were used for investigating lactose percentage (LP), milk yield (MY), lactose yield (LY), fat percentage (FP), proteins percentage (PP) and calving interval (CI). Data were analysed using the SAS version 9.4 and linear model with fixed effects: herd-years-season (HYS), sire (S), breeding type (BT), coding of milk (Cod-MY) and coding of calving interval (Cod-CI). In the dataset the average of LP was 4.77±0.20 %, while the one of MY, LY, FP, PP and CI were 6,778.53±2,014.18 kg, 325.27±100.45 kg, 3.96±0.47 %, 3.39±0.23 % and 406.66±91.09 days. The correlation of LP with MY, LY, FP, PP and CI was equal to r = 0.1712, r = 0.3157, r = 0.0546, r = 0.1852 and r = -0.0147. These correlation coefficients were statistically highly significant P <0.0001. Among all fixed effects in the analysis of variance of LP, the most relevant effect was observed for HYS (P<.0001).

A prerequisite for the successful pig breeding isthe achievement of high reproductive performance, which can be influenced by several environmental factors. Therefore, the aim of our research was to assess the impact of the season, microclimatic indicators and technology of housing of the lactating sows on the number of the weaned piglets in the litter. The experiment was performed on a production farm in Slovakia and a total of 800 litters were evaluated. The results have shown that the season had a statistically significant effect on the number of the weaned piglets (p<0.01), least in the summer and most of them in the fall. The highest number of the weaned piglets was found at the temperatures from 18 to 22 °C (p<0.05), temperatures outside the stated range had a negative impact on the number of the weaned piglets. An increase of the relative humidity - above 70% (p<0.05) and an increase in the flow - above 0,4 m.s-1 (p<0.05) led to a decrease in the number of the weaned piglets. In the housing with a freemovement of the lactating sows, the number of the weaned piglets was higher than with the restricted movement (p<0.05).

The polymorphism of the kappa-casein gene (CSN3) has been studied in cows of the Lebedyn, Simmental, Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breeds using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. The TaqMan® SNP Genotyping Assays use TaqMan® 5´-nuclease chemistry for amplifying and detecting specific polymorphisms in purified genomic DNA samples. All assays are developed using Life Technologies robust bioinformatics assay design process relying on a pipeline using heuristic rules deduced from both manufacturing and assay performance data. The objective of our study is to evaluate the cattle of Ukrainian domestic dairy breeds according to the kappa-casein genotype. It has been shown that the distribution of genotype frequency differs significantly in different breeds: Lebedyn – 19% A/A, 50% A/B and 31% B/B; Ukrainian Brown dairy – 30% А/А, 41% A/B and 30% B/B; Simmental – 44% A/A, 46% A/B and 10% B/B; Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy – 58% A/A, 27% A/B and 15% B/B. The results obtained indicate the prospects of breeding work towards creating herds with the BB genotype in the Brown cattle. The accelerated formation of the desired genetic combinations in micropopulations (herds), with the needs of the processing industry, primarily cheesemakers, is possible in the population of the Brown and Lebedyn breed. Such work with dairy herds of the Ukrainian Black-and-White and Simmental breeds requires more time for selection due to the low frequency of BB genotypes in cattle of these breeds.

Uganda is among the top five pork producing countries in Africa, with pig production and local pork consumption being on an increase. Smallholder pig farming systems in Uganda are not very well documented. A household level survey of 199 households conducted between July and August 2018 in Kamuli and Hoima districts evaluated the smallholder pig breeding practices. Differences between districts were assessed with a chi-squared test. Farmers mainly relied on animals born on farm, from mating of a sow with an on-farm boar as well as boar service, and animals bought in for use as breeding animals. They were knowledgeable of off-farm sources for fattening and breeding animals. Local and crossbreds of local with ‘exotic’ types like Large White, Landrace and Camborough pigs were the predominant types of animals accessed by the farmers. The farmers seemed conversant with heat detection methods in the breeding sow. Sow reproductive problems reported by about 40% of the farmers were small litter size and few litters farrowed over the sow’s lifetime. While important for farm management and breeding purposes, animal identification and record keeping were generally lacking. Main marketing pathways were sales to other farmers and traders at farm gate. Farmers would benefit from participatory strategies that enhance access to quality genetic material. The local pig is an important resource of the smallholder pig herd and additional studies on important traits (heat tolerance, disease resistance and feed utilization) would add valuable information.

This study was embarked upon to evaluate breed and sex effects on the thermo-physiology and blood parameters; predict heat stress index and appropriately classify Nigerian West African Dwarf (WAD) and Red Sokoto (RS) goats in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment involving twenty four goats. WAD goats had higher rectal temperature (38.93±0.10 versus 38.59±0.10) and pulse rate (54.78±0.24 vs. 53.67±0.24) compared to their RS counterparts. However, there was no significant difference in heat stress index between WAD and RS goats. Based on thermo-physiological parameters, male goats appeared to be more stressed. There was no significant Breed * Sex interaction effect on thermo-physiological traits. The results of haematological and serum biochemical and hormonal indices of goats also indicated that WAD goats appeared to be more stressed. The male goats had higher Cortisol (58.00±4.88 versus 37.67±4.88) and lower Thyroxine (111.50±8.32 vs. 141.18±8.32) levels. There was no significant Breed * Sex interaction effect on haematological indices. While male and female WAD goats were similar, female RS goats had higher value of TSH (1.20±0.21) than their male counterparts (0.57±0.21). The Artificial Neural Network algorithm revealed that respiratory rate, cortisol, pulse rate and WBC had more influence on heat stress prediction in goats compared to breed, sex and other haematological, serum biochemical and hormonal parameters. Haemoglobin, white blood cells, rectal temperature and pulse rate were sufficient to correctly assign WAD and RS goats to their appropriate breed. The present information may aid breed characterization and conservation of WAD and RS goats.

Reproductive selection index of two dam pig breeds was established five years ago to enhance the reproductive ability of sows. Since then, positive genetic progress in the population and some economic disorders (e.g. the input and output prices disproportion) appeared in the swine sector. The study aimed to revise index according to the current circumstances and further ensure the desired gain. In three index variants, the current, optimal, and adjusted trait proportion was assessed. Economic weights (EWs) of the breeding objective traits were applied in two alternatives to evaluate the index for future stable and deteriorated conditions. Under the current index construction and stable EWs, the favourable selection gain in piglets born alive (NBA) and slight extension of farrowing interval (FI) is indicated. The optimal index construction would result in a favourable gain of both traits in one breed. The adjusted index maintained the increasing litter size equal to the current index and achieved favourable gain in FI in both breeds. The same was true for deteriorated economic conditions except for the optimised index variant, where expected higher genetic progress in one breed. Nevertheless, this genetic gain was insufficient to compensate the declined EW of traits, and the overall financial benefit was almost half of those in stable conditions. For both alternatives of evaluated economic conditions, the current index should be revised in terms of a slightly higher proportion of FI to reach favourable genetic gain in both breeding goals.

Genotyping of 606 animals of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed was carried out in order to establish the features of genotype formation by beta-casein. It is established that the modern population of this breed has been formed using stud bulls of the Holstein breed, mainly of the American and German breeding. It is found that the original breed has determined the features of polymorphism of the beta-casein gene. According to the research results, it is proved that the existing genetic structure of stud bulls of the Holstein and Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breeds enables formation of populations homozygous by these characteristics in subsequent generations. Among the breeding stock of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed, the frequency of the desired A2A2 genotype was 33-53%. It is expected to increase the frequency of occurrence of individuals with the A2A2 genotype by beta-casein in subsequent generations, especially if stud bulls homozygous by A2A2 beta-casein is used.

The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters for the birth weight and weaning weight in Charolais and Limousine cattle breeds. In this study was used the records from 2018 calves from Charolais breed and 2099 calves from Limousine breed for the birth weight while for weaning weight the records were from 1125 calves Charolais and 1092 calves Limousine. The genetic parameters were estimated with maternal animal model. The data were from Romanian Breeding Association for beef cattle. The direct heritability of birth weight and weaning weight were 0.67 and 0.35 for Charolais breed while for Limousine breed were 0.70 and 0.69. The maternal heritability of birth weight and weaning weight were 0.26 and 0.12 for Charolais and 0.245, 0.249 respectively for Limousine breed. The total heritability for birth weight and weaning weight was high in Charolais and Limousine breeds. Direct-maternal correlations were negative for birth weight (-0.340) for Charolais and (-0.311) for Limousine and for weaning weight (-0.306) for Charolais and (-0.290) for Limousine.

A study of polymorphism of individual genes of milk proteins (kappa-casein and beta- casein) was carried out on the population of cows of the ukrainian brown dairy breed and the sumy interbreed type of the ukrainian black and white dairy breed. Animals of the ukrainian brown dairy breed prevailed in terms of BB genotypes, both for the kappa-casein and genotypes А2А2 for beta-casein genes. According to the complex genotypes of kappa-casein and beta-casein, a difference was established between the animals of the studied breeds. In animals of the ukrainian brown dairy breed a higher frequency is characteristic of the complex genotype A2A2/BB (0.32), and in cows of the sumy interbreed type of the ukrainian black and white dairy breed – A2A2/AA (0.24) and A1A2/AA (0.24).

The study was the aim to estimate breeding value and heritability for calving score using a threshold model for population from Limousine breed. Data consisted of records of 2,432 calves of Limousine breed from Romanian Breeding Association for beef cattle. The mean for calving score was 1.134 ± 0.007. The breeding values for calving score for calves were between -0.2375 and 0.5354 at the first iteration and at six iterations the breeding values for calving scores for calves ranged between -0.1832 and 0.4880 The heritability for calving score was 0.141 in population of Limousine breed. The threshold model was adequate due to better accounting for total variability for calving score.

The research of polymorphism of the PIT-1 and beta-lactoglobulin genes has been provided on the population of Ukrainian brown dairy and Sumy intrabreed type Ukrainian black-and-white dairy cows. The study of genotypes has been carried out using polymerase chain reaction in real time. The existence of interbreed differentiation in the frequencies of genotypes and alleles of the studied genes has been proved. The influence of the studied genes genotype on individual indicators of milk productivity of cows has been established.

This review aims to highlight the importance of genetic evaluation of health traits. In the past, cattle breeding primarily focused on milk production traits, but nowadays, there is a shift towards considering health traits and longevity. Cows are mainly affected by four diseases: mastitis, claw diseases, metabolic diseases, and reproductive diseases. These ailments negatively impact milk production, impair reproduction, and incur high treatment costs. In 2012, the ICAR implemented guidelines for the genetic improvement of health traits, establishing a system for recording diseases and their key indicators. This system includes a comprehensive key (>900 diagnoses), a reduced key (60 to 100 diagnoses), and a simple key (10 diagnoses). Genetic evaluation of health traits started in the mid-70s in Nordic countries. Previously, Czechoslovakia had a system for evaluating and classifying the overall health of breeding cows and bulls. In Slovakia, genetic evaluations for milk production traits, somatic cell score, calving ease, and longevity are performed. However, these traits are not included in the selection index along with health traits, for which genetic evaluations are not made. Two selection indexes are currently used: the Slovak Holstein Index, which takes into account milk production traits and type traits at 60% and 40% respectively, and the Slovak Production Index, which takes into account milk production in kilograms, fat production in kilograms, and protein production in kilograms.

This study investigated genetic diversity, population structure, and selection footprints across 16 local sheep breeds from the Danube region using high-density SNP data. The diversity status was derived from the overall heterozygosity and genomic-based inbreeding coefficients (FHOM and FIS). Population stratification was assessed using principal component analysis, phylogenetic networks, and admixture estimation. Selection footprints were identified based on the genome-wide Wright's fixation index (FST) distribution. Moderate observed and expected heterozygosity levels were found, with the highest values in the Improved Valachian breed (Ho = 0.44±0.10, He = 0.44±0.08) and the lowest in the East Friesian (Ho = 0.37±0.16) breed. Inbreeding coefficients aligned with heterozygosity patterns, indicating an increase in inbreeding in geographically or historically separated breeds and reduced inbreeding in recently developed composite breeds, particularly the Improved Valachian and Slovak Dairy sheep. All approaches testing population structure confirmed breed stratification corresponding to geographic and phylogenetic backgrounds, while admixture analysis revealed the highest proportion of genetic admixture in the composite breeds. A genome-wide scan revealed 24 candidate regions under selection pressure across 15 autosomes, encompassing 48 protein-coding genes, including those related to reproduction (TNP1, AMHR2) and immune response (SLC11A1, IL9, JAK3). Functional enrichment analysis identified overrepresented GO terms related to protein binding, spermatogenesis, hypoxia response, and KEGG pathways such as TGF-beta and VEGF signalling. This study provides insights into breed-specific selection pressures driven by diverse breeding goals and environmental adaptation in sheep breeds in the Danube region. The study also highlights the importance of genomic tools for preserving genetic diversity and supporting sustainable breeding strategies in local populations.

For protection of diverse genetic resources of local landraces and to get the benefit for next generation, research works should be continuing through screening of local landraces by using with local germplasm; which will be very useful to conserve the genetic variability and will provide to economic profits to the farmers by improving their uses. In the context, One hundred twenty-five maize landraces with two commercial maize hybrids (‘Kalumet’ and ‘Katone’) were evaluated for yield and agro-morphological performance for genetic improvement of future maize varieties. The landraces were collected from the Black Sea Region of Turkey and were evaluated under the augmented complete design under Diyarbakir agro-ecological conditions during 2015. After observation, it was observed that all genotypes showed a significant variations for all traits especially for yield and yield attributes. Considering the overall performance of all landraces, the days to tasseling and silking were varied from 39.5 to 64.5 and from 49.5 to 70.5 days; while the SPAD meter were varied from 37.8 to 70 unit, the plant height from 165 to 315.5 cm, the ear height from 55.8 to 190 cm, the stalk thickness from 11.3-26 mm, the ear length from 6.21 to 25.38, the ear diameter 14.13 to 48.92 mm, the rows ear-1 from 2.33 to16.3, seed srow-1, the ear weight from 10.2 to 285.26g, the rachis diameter from 11.58 to 39.51mmand the grain yield from 63.68 to 1498.13 kg ha-1. Where, the range of landraces for all traits were varied huge and exceeded commercial check genotypes. Therefore, it was determined that the genotypic distinction of the landraces may be used as pre-breeding material for developing the suitable maize varieties for sustainable maize production in diverse agro-ecological conditions of Mediterranean region including Turkey.