„ai“ 350 výsledků

A prerequisite for the successful pig breeding isthe achievement of high reproductive performance, which can be influenced by several environmental factors. Therefore, the aim of our research was to assess the impact of the season, microclimatic indicators and technology of housing of the lactating sows on the number of the weaned piglets in the litter. The experiment was performed on a production farm in Slovakia and a total of 800 litters were evaluated. The results have shown that the season had a statistically significant effect on the number of the weaned piglets (p<0.01), least in the summer and most of them in the fall. The highest number of the weaned piglets was found at the temperatures from 18 to 22 °C (p<0.05), temperatures outside the stated range had a negative impact on the number of the weaned piglets. An increase of the relative humidity - above 70% (p<0.05) and an increase in the flow - above 0,4 m.s-1 (p<0.05) led to a decrease in the number of the weaned piglets. In the housing with a freemovement of the lactating sows, the number of the weaned piglets was higher than with the restricted movement (p<0.05).

According to biological and nutritional value, meat and meat products are among the most important components of human nutrition. The risk of meat contamination is a great concern from the point of view of food safety, and especially human health. The aim of this study was the determination of nutritional values in meat samples of fresh and smoked sausage. From a technological point of view, the water content was the highest in meat samples and continually decreased in the samples that underwent processing. The water content of the meat samples was 68.2%. In the samples of unsmoked and smoked sausages, the measured values were slightly lower. In the samples of unsmoked sausages, the water content was 63.1%. As the water content decreased, the fat content of the sausages increased. The protein content has not changed significantly in the production process. In the meat the value of proteins was 19.07 g 100 g-1 and in the samples of smoked sausages the result was 18.78 g 100 g-1. The content of essential fatty acids was the highest in meat samples. This value decreased in unsmoked as well as smoked sausages. Cholesterol levels were rising over the course of the experiment. Results of this study clearly show difference in technological parameters related to technological process.

Apple stand on the top of the most desirable and most produced fruit species in the world. Despite enormously wide genetic diversity among existing apple varieties, the current market is mostly oriented on several cultivars of commercially attractive traits. For the preservation of genetic resources and for breeding programmes, the evaluation of genetic diversity is fundamental. Number of marker systems have been developed and adopted in the assessment apple germplasm. In the present study, CDDP marker technique was used to analyse polymorphism within the genomes of fifteen apple varieties which are of large commercial use. Five primer combinations were used in the PCR amplification: WRKY-F1/WRKY-R1, WRKY-F1/WRKY-R2, WRKY-F1/WRKY-R2B, WRKY-F1/WRKY-R3 and WRKY-F1/WRKY-R3B. All primer combinations produced polymorphic amplification patterns. In some primer combinations, identical amplification profiles were observed in few varieties, but amplification patterns of all combinations merged were specific for each apple variety. Identical profiles were only seen in Red Delicious and Granny Smith in F1/R1 primer combination, May Gold and Paula Red, and Selena and Melodie in F1/R2 primer combination and May Gold and Paula Red when F1/R3B primers were used. Based on the CDDP markers, UPGMA algorithm assessed cultivars Paula Red and May Gold as the most similar (with similarity value of 0.909), whereas Gloster and Ambrosia showed to be the least similar within the analyzed set (similarity value of 0.200). The study proved CDDP markers to be suitable tool to produce polymorphic amplification patterns in apple genotypes.

Pathogen-related 10 is a group of proteins derived from various plant species that contains homologues of Bet v 1, major birch-pollen allergen, which are able to cross-react with an IgEs of sensitive patients and invoke allergic reactions. Despite new sequencing technologies and the amount of data generated daily, PR-10 proteins have not been discovered in every plant species. To describe genomic variability by the -omics sciences, it is necessary to screen an undiscovered members of the group, map ypr-10 genes in genome and determine sequence variabilities. In this study Bet v 1 based amplified profile (BBAP) method was used to analyse the variability of 14 vegetable species (Brassica oleracea in 4 varieties) and to compare generated polymorphism among them. For all of the analysed species, a total number of generated amplicons was 162. The most different profiles were generated by Pastinaca sativa and Capsicum annuum, the highest similarity was between Apium graveolens and B. oleracea var. capitata. New type of genic molecular markers was applied successfully and proved to be an effective technique to map variability of PR-10 group.

The study presents an approach to detect selection signals by the scan of runs of homozygosity (ROH) in two beef cattle populations bred Slovakia. The frequency and distribution of runs of homozygosity in the genome are affected by natural and artificial selection, recombination rate and structure of the population. After quality control, the final data set included 43,427 single nucleotide polymorphisms with overall length 2,504 Mb. Across the genome, sixteen regions under strong selection pressure with a total length of 73.94 Mb were identified. The functional analysis of selection signals revealed several quantitative trait loci for body structure, fitness and milk production. In the region with a high frequency of ROH reflecting the intense artificial selection genes related mainly to muscle development (MSNT, ROCK1, LAMTOR5) were observed. Besides, genes related to the control of the immune system (PTX3, FGL2) and reproduction (ADCYAP1R1) were localized within selection signals. The results confirm the intention to improve the production and reproduction traits of Charolais and Limousine cattle according to established breeding objectives for each breed.

The aim of the study was to determine the state of genetic diversity in Charolais and Limousine populations. The analysis was based on the panel of 49 629 SNPs that were used for genotyping of 85 individuals. For the assessment of the genetic diversity, the genomic inbreeding coefficient resulting from runs of homozygosity distribution in the genome and linkage disequilibrium based effective population size (Ne) were calculated. The results reflected a decrease in recent inbreeding (FROH >16 Mb under 1%) compared to historical (FROH >1 Mb in average 6%). The current effective population size was estimated based on the linear regression using Ne estimates for 50 generations ago. The effective population size across all analysed animals was 33.05 for Charolais breed (decrease of 4.51 animals per generation) and 7.02 for Limousine breed (decrease of 2.81 animals per generation). The estimation of current Ne indicated the endangered status of assessment populations and referred the need for continuous monitoring to increase population size but without reducing genetic diversity as a result of inbreeding.

Uganda is among the top five pork producing countries in Africa, with pig production and local pork consumption being on an increase. Smallholder pig farming systems in Uganda are not very well documented. A household level survey of 199 households conducted between July and August 2018 in Kamuli and Hoima districts evaluated the smallholder pig breeding practices. Differences between districts were assessed with a chi-squared test. Farmers mainly relied on animals born on farm, from mating of a sow with an on-farm boar as well as boar service, and animals bought in for use as breeding animals. They were knowledgeable of off-farm sources for fattening and breeding animals. Local and crossbreds of local with ‘exotic’ types like Large White, Landrace and Camborough pigs were the predominant types of animals accessed by the farmers. The farmers seemed conversant with heat detection methods in the breeding sow. Sow reproductive problems reported by about 40% of the farmers were small litter size and few litters farrowed over the sow’s lifetime. While important for farm management and breeding purposes, animal identification and record keeping were generally lacking. Main marketing pathways were sales to other farmers and traders at farm gate. Farmers would benefit from participatory strategies that enhance access to quality genetic material. The local pig is an important resource of the smallholder pig herd and additional studies on important traits (heat tolerance, disease resistance and feed utilization) would add valuable information.

This study was embarked upon to evaluate breed and sex effects on the thermo-physiology and blood parameters; predict heat stress index and appropriately classify Nigerian West African Dwarf (WAD) and Red Sokoto (RS) goats in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment involving twenty four goats. WAD goats had higher rectal temperature (38.93±0.10 versus 38.59±0.10) and pulse rate (54.78±0.24 vs. 53.67±0.24) compared to their RS counterparts. However, there was no significant difference in heat stress index between WAD and RS goats. Based on thermo-physiological parameters, male goats appeared to be more stressed. There was no significant Breed * Sex interaction effect on thermo-physiological traits. The results of haematological and serum biochemical and hormonal indices of goats also indicated that WAD goats appeared to be more stressed. The male goats had higher Cortisol (58.00±4.88 versus 37.67±4.88) and lower Thyroxine (111.50±8.32 vs. 141.18±8.32) levels. There was no significant Breed * Sex interaction effect on haematological indices. While male and female WAD goats were similar, female RS goats had higher value of TSH (1.20±0.21) than their male counterparts (0.57±0.21). The Artificial Neural Network algorithm revealed that respiratory rate, cortisol, pulse rate and WBC had more influence on heat stress prediction in goats compared to breed, sex and other haematological, serum biochemical and hormonal parameters. Haemoglobin, white blood cells, rectal temperature and pulse rate were sufficient to correctly assign WAD and RS goats to their appropriate breed. The present information may aid breed characterization and conservation of WAD and RS goats.

The high dietetic value of common pheasant venison is revealed in many researches. The aim of that paper was to evaluate the basic chemical composition of farmed pheasant venison. Protein, collagen, fat and water content in skinned meat of both sexes were subjected to analyses. Different body portion as breast muscle and leg muscle were compared as well. FoodScan LAB Analyzer was used to determine the evaluated meat traits. Significantly higher content of collagen and fat was observed in leg meat, comparing to breast portion due to the structure of meat. Contrary, expressive differences were detected in content of protein and water, with significantly higher values in breast portion. The cock´s meat shows higher content of collagen and water comparing to hen´s meat while hens show higher content of fat. The content of protein shows only small differences between sexes.

The relationship between source and sink affects the accumulation of grain dry matter in crops such as wheat. Wheat is a plant of high economic importance. The leaves are known as the source due to the production of photosynthetic materials. Photosynthetic materials made by the leaves are stored inside the seeds and the seeds are called the sink. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to assess the impact of defoliation intensity and spikelet removal on seed yield, yield components, and germination traits of produced seeds in wheat. At the field experiment, studied factors included defoliation intensities (removal of 0, ½, and all leaves per plant) and spikelet removal (½ spikelet removal, no spikelet removal). Seeds produced under maternal plant conditions were assessed at the laboratory experiment. Results showed that wheat, Pishtaz cultivar, reacted to source and sink manipulation. Complete defoliation with ½ spikelet removal causes dramatically reduction of stem and leaf weight and spike weight. Under no leaf removal, ½ spikelet removal reduced wheat seed yield. Defoliation intensity and ½ spikelet removal had no significant effect on seed germination traits. Wheat, cv. Pishtaz had little ability in changing seed size as one of the factors of sink strength under high photosynthate so the cultivar is more sink- than source- limited.

Investigation of the effect of autumn nitrogen dose, in comparison to nitrogen fertilization without autumn dose, on rapeseed yield, oil content and oil production was the main aim of the experiment. The plot scale experiment was conducted during three experimental years 2013 – 2016 in terms of agricultural cooperative in Mojmírovce. The experiment consisted of three treatments of nitrogen fertilization. The block method of experimental plot size of 600 m2 was used in this experiment. It was tested in triplicate. The total dose of nitrogen was 240 kg ha-1. Both treatments were fertilized during spring in phonological growth stages BBCH 20, 30 and 51. There was applied autumn nitrogen dose in BBCH 15 at treatment 2. Considering the weather conditions of the previous year, a significant effect of autumn nitrogen dose was not expected in this experiment. Results were predictably, significantly influenced by different weather conditions. The experimental year 2013/2014 was wetter and warmer than the other two experimental years. The highest average yield of seed, 3.63 t ha-1 was reached at treatment 3 without any autumn nitrogen application. The average oil content fluctuated from 44.36 % to 45.09 %. The highest average oil content 46.72 % was observed in weather more favourable the experimental year 2013/2014. Although the highest average oil production of treatment 3 reached 1625.04 kg ha-1, the difference in oil production between treatments with and without an autumn dose of nitrogen was not statistically significant, similarly as yield. The highest average oil production was statistically significant in the experimental year 2013/2014.

Four horse gram Rhizobium (HGR) strains HGR-4, 6, 13 and 25 grown under different concentrations of Iron (Fe) were inoculated individually to horse gram plants. These plant sets were screened for their net photosynthetic rate (PN), pod formation and symbiotic efficiency. Horse gram plants inoculated with the strain HGR-4 have shown high PN values at 100 µg g-1 of Fe. The number of pods formed were maximum upon inoculation with HGR-4 at 300 µg g-1 of Fe. Nodulation was maximum with the prior inoculation of the strains HGR-6, 13 and 25 at 500 µg g-1 of Fe. Leghaemoglobin content was maximum on inoculation with HGR-6, 13 and 25 at 300 µg g-1 of Fe. This study demonstrated that the horse gram plants associated with rhizobia, besides having nitrogen fixing capacity also have shown Fe stress tolerance and the ability to remove Fe from soils. Hence, the study confirms the ability of HGR-4, HGR-6, HGR-13 and HGR-25 isolates of Rhizobium to have tolerance of the metal Fe at the plant nodule during pot experiments. Therefore these isolates could be suggested for cultivation of horse gram plants in Fe contaminated soils. These findings imply that horse gram-rhizobia symbiosis is an essential element of plant adaptation to metal stress.

The late planting of onions practiced by farmers has decreased the yield and quality of onion seed. This experiment was conducted during 2019 and 2020 at agricultural research farm of Kabul University to study the effect of mother bulb production conditions on subsequent plant growth and seed yield and quality. The study was designed in Randomized Complete Block Design and data for different agronomic traits, flowering habits, seed yield and seed quality were recorded. The recorded data were statistically analyzed with STAR software. The highest leaf area per plant (994.38 cm2) and leaf area index (0.83) were recorded for the plants obtained from mother bulbs grown on 10th March in deep ploughed flat beds. The highest number of flowering stalks per plant (3.83) was recorded for the plants produced from the mother bulbs grown on 10th March in shallow ploughed double row raised beds, it was on far with the plants obtained from the mother bulbs grown on 10th March in deep ploughed flat beds. The highest seed yield (737.27 Kg/Ha) was recorded for the plants obtained from mother bulbs grown on 10th March in shallow ploughed flat beds. This was on far with the seed yield of the plants obtained from the mother bulbs grown on 10th March in deep ploughed flat beds. The results reveal that, mother bulbs produced under early planting dates and deep ploughed flat-bed conditions are more appropriate to produce vigorous plants and higher seed yield of onion.

It was published, that grape pomace has a positive effect on the animal organism and is also a rich source of fatty acids. The inclusion of grape pomace in the geese feed mixture was the main objective of the following experiment. The addition of grape pomace into the feed mixture was used to investigate to what extent will affect the fattening parameters of geese and the profile of fatty acids analysed from the abdominal fat of geese. The experiment was carried out on 20 geese (Czech goose breed). Two groups were formed to obtain the same average weight. The average weight of the experimental group at the beginning was 1857 ± 196 g. The average weight of the control group was 1872 ± 248 g. For 49 days, both groups were fed a commercial complete feed mixture for geese fattening while in the experimental group 1% of the feed mixture was replaced by dried grape pomace. The average weight of geese of the control group at the end of fattening was 5579 ± 770 g and of the experimental group 5752 ± 752 g. The addition of dried grape pomace to the feed mixture in the fattening of geese increased the average daily weight gain of geese by 5.2% (P˃0.05), liver weight by 22.5% (P˂0.05) and increased the content of monounsaturated fatty acids by 2.5% (P˃0.05), especially oleic acid by 3.0% (P˃0.05). A reduced content of polyunsaturated fatty acids by 1.5% (P˃0.05) and decreased saturated fatty acid content by 3.2% (P˃0.05) was detected in the experimental group. It can be concluded that the addition of grape pomace affected the liver weight of fattened gees, while the effect on fatty acids composition was insignificant.

Clinical mastitis is an inflammatory disease of the mammary gland that largely impacts dairy farming profitability and welfare. Globally, a massive scientific effort is being made to elucidate the possible link of certain genotypes to the susceptibility to this disease. After data pruning controlling for genotype missingness, minor allele frequency, and population stratification, 51 557 SNPs from 1 042 animals have been analysed using the general linear model (GLM). Two SNPs, BTA-121769-no-rs and BTB-00265951, have demonstrated statistically significant associations (–log10(p) > 6.0134), both located on the chromosome BTA6. The detected SNPs have been annotated within a reference genome. They have been found to lie outside of transcribed regions but within the vicinity of genes essential for the immune response. This finding further supports the case for their significance in the resistance to mastitis. In addition, 14 relatively weaker associations (–log10(p) > 4) have been observed across chromosomes BTA1, 2, 9, 14, 19, 24 and 25.

The objective of this study was to assess egg quality parameters for the whole laying period depending on oviposition time and breed of Czech and Slovak native breeds of laying hens. Besides, to determine the differences between selected breeds in laying pattern, related to the oviposition place. Furthermore, biochemical blood parameters were measured at the end of the study. A total of 60 pullets at the age of 20 weeks were divided according to the breed. Each treatment consisted of 3 replications of 10 laying hens. The eggs were collected every day, at 6:00, 10:00 and 14:00 and the amount of eggs was recorded for each oviposition time interval (from 14:00 to 5:59, from 6:00 to 9:59 and from 10:00 to 13:59). Moreover, the oviposition place (inside and outside the nest) and the amount of eggs in particular place were recorded. In addition, blood samples were collected. Significantly heavier eggs were laid between 10:00 and 13:59 than between 6:00 and 9:59 h (52.44 vs. 51.39 g, resp.). Haugh units were highest in eggs from Czech golden spotted hens that were laid between 6:00 and 9:59 h and in eggs from Oravka hens that were laid between 6:00 and 9:59 h and between 10:00 and 13:59 h. Significantly lower content of yolk cholesterol was found in Czech golden spotted hens compared to Oravka hens (10.64 vs. 11.22 mg/g, resp.). The Czech golden spotted hens had significantly higher level of glucose in blood serum than Oravka hens (16.47 vs. 14.03 mmol/l, resp.). The Czech golden spotted hens, gene reserve of the Czech Republic, are not yet sufficiently described in scientific literature, which highlights the importance of this study.

Developments in sequencing and SNP chip technologies have enabled scientists to obtain high-density genomic data from different livestock species, including cattle. Moreover, many bioinformatics tools are available to analyse high-density genomic data. Via these tools, several statistical approaches such as Principal Component Analysis and clusterin-based analyses could be conducted to reveal the genetic structure of cattle populations. However, revealing the genetic structure and selection signatures of Turkish cattle breeds is a new area of research, since the previous studies are limited with a few microsatellite data. On the other hand, rearing in different geographical and environmental conditions for a long period could possibly lead to more genetic variation in native Turkish cattle breeds compared to high-yielding culture breeds. These variations obviously cannot be detected by limited number of microsatellite markers, while Next Generation Sequencing is promising for further population structure studies. Hence this review aims to summarise previous studies and give a perspective of Next Generation Sequencing possibilities to reveal the population structure of Turkish cattle for further studies.

Nutrition plays very important role in longevity of life. Processed food has created various health disorders at a very alarming rate. Wild genotypes have potent nutritive characteristics which are relatively less explored. In the current investigation, two species of Sesbania were evaluated for their potent nutritional value. Sesbania grandiflora and Sesbania bispinosa seeds contained 37.78% and 30.2% crude proteins, 4.24% and 2.06% albumins, 7.20% and 5.16% globulins, 1.75% and 8.34% free amino acids, 34.91% and 59.08% total carbohydrates and 5.2% and 5.02% total lipids respectively. DPPH Radical scavenging assay revealed notable antioxidant potential with 62.27% and 65.45% inhibition respectively. Antinutrient analysis indicated the presence of total free phenols (0.29% and 0.63%), tannins (0.28% and 0.34%), phytic acid (1.70% and 1.59%) and trypsin inhibitor activity (41.8 and 54.4 TIU/mg) respectively. Both Sesbania species had excellent nutritional potential as well as antioxidant activity and a low antinutrient profile. Based on the findings, Sesbania species may be investigated further as a potential alternative food source in the near future, particularly in economically disadvantaged areas, and may pave the way toward the wider aim of food security.

Here, the specific natural variability of iPBS (Inter Primer Binding Sites Polymorphism) fingerprints in thirteen varieties of Vitis vinifera, L. was performed. All of the analysed biological material was collected in the vineyard of Sabo vinery for describing of the existing genetic polymorphism. Young leaves from a total of thirteen grapevine varieties were obtained in the in the Small Carpathians wine region of Slovakia, Vrbové. Genetic length polymorphism was studied by iPBS markers. A dendrogram of genetic similarity of generated fingerprints was constucted by UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean) and the Jaccard coefficient of genetic similarity was used for the analyse of 13 Vitis vinifera, L varieties. The generated dendrogram is separated into three major clusters at the genetic dissimilarity of 0.58. Cluster 1 is composed of two red varieties – Alibernet and Cabernet Sauvignon. Cluster 2 was further subdivided into two sub-clusters, where the larger one include all white varieties - Pinot Blanc, Müller-Thurgau, Welschriesling, Irsai Oliver, Grüner Veltliner, Pálava, Weisser Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc and Feteasca Regala. The second subcluster is comprised from two red varieties – Blaufränkisch and Dornfelder. The analysis prooved the the iPBS technique is an effective retrotransposon based markers to evaluate the variability of the genome in the germplasm of Vitis vinifera L. cultivated varieties.

The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the impact of the year and different cultivation technologies on the yield and oil content of selected sunflower hybrids. The experiment was carried out in the years 2019 – 2020 in the fields of the Research Centre for Plant Biology and Ecology in Nitra – Dolná Malanta. Statistical analysis of experimental results confirmed the high significant influence of the year on selected quantitative and qualitative parameters of the sunflower. The year 2019 was statistically high significantly more effective for seed yield (increase by 0.37 t.ha-1). In 2020 was confirmed a statistically high significant higher oil content by 0.87%. The evaluation of the genetic potential of selected hybrids confirmed a statistically high significant effect on the yield and oil content of sunflower. Within the monitored years, the average seed yield was 3.47 t.ha-1and the average oil content was 46.22%. In the range of monitored hybrids, within the individual types of cultivation technology, the highest average seed yields and oil content were recorded for the Clearfield Plus technology. The best values were achieved by the SY Bacardi hybrid with a seed yield of 4.10 t.ha-1(+ 0.63 t.ha-1; rel. 18.29%) and with an oil content of 48.50% (+ 2.28%). The highest seed yield in conventional technology achieved SY Chronos hybrid 3.63 t.ha-1(+ 0.16 t.ha-1; rel. 4.69%) and the highest oil content achieved SY Duomo hybrid 47.34% (+ 1.13%). The highest yield in Express Sun technology recorded NX 92251 hybrid 3.56 t.ha-1(+ 0.10 t.ha-1; rel. 2.76%). And the highest oil content was by Suffix hybrid 45.91% (- 0.31%).