Všechny tituly 399 výsledků

A study of polymorphism of individual genes of milk proteins (kappa-casein and beta- casein) was carried out on the population of cows of the ukrainian brown dairy breed and the sumy interbreed type of the ukrainian black and white dairy breed. Animals of the ukrainian brown dairy breed prevailed in terms of BB genotypes, both for the kappa-casein and genotypes А2А2 for beta-casein genes. According to the complex genotypes of kappa-casein and beta-casein, a difference was established between the animals of the studied breeds. In animals of the ukrainian brown dairy breed a higher frequency is characteristic of the complex genotype A2A2/BB (0.32), and in cows of the sumy interbreed type of the ukrainian black and white dairy breed – A2A2/AA (0.24) and A1A2/AA (0.24).

The purpose of the study was to asses the effect of calving season and dams’ parity on milk yield and gestation length of dairy cows. We examined 93 animals of Slovak spotted breed from the farm located in western Slovakia (Lower Váh region), in years 2014-2017. The herds’ average 305-d milk yield was 8133±1380 kg. The calving season was divided into four categories: spring (March to May), summer (June to August), autumn (September to November) and winter (December to February). The factor of dams parity was divided into 4 groups: 1st parity cows, 2nd-3rd parity cows, 4th and higher parity cows. Calving season affected significantly milk yield of dairy cows (P < 0.01). The highest 305-d milk production was oberved in winter calvings (8942±218 kg) and the lowest in spring calvings (7377±287 kg). The gestation length was not signifficantly altered by calving season (P > 0.32). Dams’ parity was not significantly affected by 305-d milk yield (P > 0.22). Nevertheless, the animals on the 4th and higher lactation were numerically more productive (8481±259 kg) compared to the dairy cows on their 1st,2nd-3rd lactation (8123±264 kg; 7884±223 kg; resp.). The dams’ parity significantly affected gestation length (P < 0.02), with the shortest gestation length in 1st parity dams (278±2 days) and the longest gestation in 2nd-3rd parity dams (284±1 days).To sum up, our results suggest significant role of calving season in relation to milk yield and significant effect of dams’ parity on gestation length.

The aim of study was to evaluate the impact of genetic and non-genetic factors on somatic cells count in Slovak Simmental dairy cows in period 2009 to 2013. We observed subsequent results in dairy cows of 55 822 Slovak Simmental cattle. Data were analysed using the SAS and linear model with fixed effects of herd, years and months controls, sire, breeding type. The results of somatic cells count during the years 2009 and 2013 were as follows: the highest number of samples was analysed during 2010 (n = 288 215), where the average count was 560.48*103 ·ml-1. The lowest average value of somatic cells count was of amount of 535.93*103 ·ml-1 (n = 280 732) in 2009.The linear model represents coefficient determination R2 = 0.038296 % (P<0.001) for SCC with all fixed effects. According to the analyses by the effects on SCC the highest effect was the effect of herd R2 = 0.021625, then effect of sire R2 = 0.015075. These effects were highly statistically significant (P<0.001). Correlation coefficients among milk in kg, fat, protein in % with somatic cells count were r = -0.12918, r = 0.04166 and r = 0.11423. These coefficients were highly statistically significant (P<0.001).

Black chokeberry is used in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, obesity, hypertension and stress. It is valued for its high antioxidant capacity and, in addition, for its anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic properties. The aim of this intervention study was to assess the impact of short-term intake of chokeberry juice on chosen anthropometric and lipid indicators of 30 women in productive age (from 45 to 55 years). Volunteers received 50 mL of 100% chokeberry juice daily for one-month period. Anthropometric and lipids parameters were monitored before and after 4 weeks of intake of chokeberry juice. Analysis of body composition was determined by the InBody 720, and biochemical analyzes were performed using BioMajesty JCA-BM6010/C. The level of total cholesterol, triacylglycerols and liver enzymes were measured using commercial kits DiaSys by enzymatic measurement. The low density lipoprotein level was found out by the Friedewald equation. Analysis of body composition dynamics showed a signified decrease in body weight (P <0.01), positive loss of body fat (P <0.05), especially in visceral fat (P <0.01). The waist to hip ratio was also improved (P < 0.01). The lipid profile also changed positively, the level of total cholesterol (P < 0.05) and low density lipoprotein decreased (P <0.01). On the contrary, the level of high density lipoprotein increased in a positive direction (P <0.01), while an improvement in the low density lipoprotein / high density lipoprotein ratio was also observed (P <0.001). The average level of C-reactive protein decreased after consumption of chokeberry juice, but without statistical evidence (P ˃0.05). We did not observe significant changes on kidney and liver markers. The results show that daily short-term intake of chokeberry juice can influence risk factors in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and induce beneficial effects on health indicators of adult women.

Plants are often exposed to adverse environmental conditions that can significantly interfere with their genomic response. Soil compaction induced by heavy field machinery represents a major problem for crop production mainly due to restricted root growth and penetration into soil and therefore reduced water and nutrient uptake by the plants. A long term field scale experiment was established in 2009 where different levels of soil compaction are researched from the soil and crop point of view. The effect of soil compaction was analysed by four different DNA-based markers corresponding to miRNA sequences (hvu-miR156, hvu-miR399, hvu-miR408 and hvu-miR827), within the leaf, stem and root tissues of barley plants. Our preliminary study showed that due to soil compaction were the barley plants exposed to the lack of moisture which subsequently affected the intake and utilization of nutrients from the soil and showed lower plant growth parameters and reduced yields. Moreover, this genome response was tissue-specific, where the most affected part of the plant by dehydration, were roots and lack of nutrient supply was most pronounced on leaves.

The aim of this work was to clarify impact of somatic cell count (SCC) on milk yield and its composition. The experiment was realized on one dairy farm with Tsigai breed. Totally 252 milk samples from 84 ewes (on their first and second lactation) were analysed. Milk samples within regular test recording day from the whole udder were collected during lactation in April, June and July. On the basis of SCC the samples were divided into the SCC groups: first <200 × 103 cells.ml-1; second ≥200 <400 × 103 cells.ml-1; third ≥400 <600 × 103 cells.ml-1; fourth ≥600 <1000 × 103 cells.ml-1; fifth ≥1000 × 103 cells.ml-1 to see the effect of SCC at the level of regular milk recording test day. The same SCC groups were used for distribution of the lactation means of somatic cell score (SCS) for evaluation of the effect of SCC at the level of whole lactation. Total milk yield per lactation was affected SCS per lactation (P=0.0089). In each month of sampling we observed decrease content of lactose at the level of test day (P<0.001) and at the level of lactation (P=0.001) with increase of SCC. The increase content of protein we detected with increase of SCC at the level of test days (P=0.0281) and decline per lactation (P=0.0452). In content of fat we did not find out change in relation with increase of SCC in regular milk recording test days and per lactation also. The analyses suggest that SCC negatively impact on milk yield and milk composition and SCC should be in high attention of dairy practice.

In this study we investigated the microbiological and chemical parameters during the composting of different substrates. Composting of two types of substrates amended with natural materials, manure mixed with zeolite (S1) and manure mixed with zeolite and lime (S2), was investigated and compared with that in the amendment-free substrate (C). During the composting the counts of coliform and faecal coliform bacteria in S2 and C differred significantly (P ˂ 0.001). There were also significant differences in coliform and faecal coliform bacterial counts between substrates S1 and S2 (P > 0.01 and P > 0.05, resp.). The total bacterial counts in C, S1 and S2 showed no significant differences throughout the composting (P > 0.05). Degradation of organic matter was significantly increased in S2 compared to C (P ˂ 0.001) due to relatively rapid decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms in this substrate. Determination of chemical parameters also showed significant differences between individual substrates. The pH level in S2 was higher and varied from 9.16 to 7.99. Release of N-NH4+ from S2 substrate was significantly reduced. The total nitrogen (Nt) content in S2 substrate was increased by 45.01% compared to the other two substrates and resulted in a decreased C/N ratio towards the end of composting. Our results indicated that composting of manure amended with natural material provided promising results and has a potential for implementation in practice.

The aim of this experiment was to determine the influence of humic substances, and combination humic substances and selected phytobiotics on production and carcass parameters of broiler chickens. In experiment from total 200 one-day-old ROSS 308 chickens were randomized into four groups (n = 50). The control group was fed with basal diet (BD) without any additives. Group of chickens marked as treatment 1 (T1) was fed a BD containing 2% of humic acid, the group marked as treatment 2 (T2) was fed a BD containing 78% of humic acids, 18% of garlic powder (Allium sativum L.), 1% of milled dried leaves of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), 1% of milled dried leaves of thyme (Thymus vulgaris), 1% of milled dried leaves of oregano (Origanum vulgare) and 1% of milled dried leaves of bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata), together 2 kg /100kg complete feed mixture (BD). In the group marked as treatment T3 were chicken fed with BD containing industrially produced coccidiostats. Experiment lasted 42 days. At the end of the experiment was average body weight (values in the order of the groups: 1808.03 ±212.39; 1981.75 ±203.32; 1895.59 ±178.75 and 1955.31 ±237.16 g ±SD) significantly higher (P<0.05) in all treatment in compare to control group. In T2 was thigh part (29.27 ±1.50; 29.07 ±3.35; 30.45 ±2.15 and 29.49 ±2.34 mean ±SD) significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to control group. Carcass weight (values in the order of the groups: 1357.18 ±95.8; 1486.38 ±156.7; 1369.69 ±118.0 and 1440.68 ±132.1 g ±SD) and carcass yield (74.35 ±1.33; 76.10 ±1.97; 74.03 ±1.35 and 73.45 ±1.82 mean ±SD) were the highest in treatment T1 with humic acid addition (P>0.05).

Calving difficulty is one of important economic traits in beef production. In the Slovak Republic calving difficulty in beef cattle is recorded on the regular basis, however, these data have not been used so far in decision making. The aim of this study was to get the first insight into the data. Data on 288 346 calvings in 5 major Slovak populations (Charolais, Limousine, Slovak Simmental, Pinzgau, Beef Simmental) during the period 1990-2017 were exploited. The primary analyses showed that there exist differences in the incidence of the difficult calvings according to the breed of the dam. The lowest rate of assisted calvings was observed in Limousine breed. Lower incidence was observed when calvings of crossbred matings were considered. Only slight associations of difficult calvings with sex of calves, parity and season of calvings were observed. Slightly higher rates of assisted calvings were observed in the group of heifers and births of males.

The late planting of onions practiced by farmers has decreased the yield and quality of onion seed. This experiment was conducted during 2019 and 2020 at agricultural research farm of Kabul University to study the effect of mother bulb production conditions on subsequent plant growth and seed yield and quality. The study was designed in Randomized Complete Block Design and data for different agronomic traits, flowering habits, seed yield and seed quality were recorded. The recorded data were statistically analyzed with STAR software. The highest leaf area per plant (994.38 cm2) and leaf area index (0.83) were recorded for the plants obtained from mother bulbs grown on 10th March in deep ploughed flat beds. The highest number of flowering stalks per plant (3.83) was recorded for the plants produced from the mother bulbs grown on 10th March in shallow ploughed double row raised beds, it was on far with the plants obtained from the mother bulbs grown on 10th March in deep ploughed flat beds. The highest seed yield (737.27 Kg/Ha) was recorded for the plants obtained from mother bulbs grown on 10th March in shallow ploughed flat beds. This was on far with the seed yield of the plants obtained from the mother bulbs grown on 10th March in deep ploughed flat beds. The results reveal that, mother bulbs produced under early planting dates and deep ploughed flat-bed conditions are more appropriate to produce vigorous plants and higher seed yield of onion.

The present investigation was carried out to study the influence of planting date and field management practices on bulb quality and post-harvest losses of onions in storage at Agriculture Research Farm of Kabul University. Different traits including fresh bulb weight, total soluble solids, firmness, rooting, sprouting, spoilage and marketable bulbs were studied in these trials. The data were statistically analysed with R software. The planting dates had significant effect on fresh bulb weight, sprouting, spoilage and marketable bulbs of onions. After 120 days of storage the greatest fresh bulb weight (111.64 g), marketable bulbs (77.52 %) and the lowest sprouting (10.56 %) and spoilage (11.92 %) were recorded for the first planting date (10th May). Similarly, the lowest loss in total soluble solids was also observed under the first planting date. Field management practices did not have significant effect on bulb quality and post-harvest losses of onions. While delayed planting can significantly reduce onion bulb quality and increase sprouting and spoilage, early planting dates were more appropriate to reduce post-harvest losses.

The Lipizzan breed presents an indispensable part of numerous cultural and folklore events, equestrian games, folklore festivals and horse shows in Croatia. Also this is the third most populous breed of horses in Croatia and have status of Croatian protected breed. The aim of this paper was to show the history of breeding of Lipizzan horses and their introduction to Croatia. The origin of Lipizzan breed is connected with the year 1580 when Charles II, Archduke of Austria bought the village of Lipica near Sežana in Slovenia and founded a horse breed there. The Lipizzan were initially used for the protocol needs of the Vienna Court, and later as a working aid. Due to its exceptional beauty and wide usage, this breed began to spread through the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Today, the Lipizzan breed, consists of 7 lines of stallions and 18 mare family lines. Throughout history, the breeding goal of the Lipizzan was harmonized depending on the country where it was grown, depending on the time and needs of the source of labour in agriculture and transport, but also depending on the culture of living in a particular region. More than 300 years of Lipizzan breeding in Croatia resulted in noble Baroque horse acclimated for Croatian conditions and deeply correlated with Croatian people and tradition.

Between 2006 and 2015 years the effect of different tillage of heavy clay loamy soils on their physical properties were studied. Field treatments were carried on Experimental workplace in Milhostov, in central part of the East Slovak Lowland. Conventional tillage, reduce tillage and no-tillage practises were examined. Soil samples were taken from topsoil in natural conditions without irrigation in spring time by Kopecky's rollers. From basic physical soil properties, the bulk density, total porosity and maximum capillary water capacity were analysed by known methods. The linear trend analysis was used for testing of long-term application of different soil tillage in relation to soil properties. Bulk density was in range 1331 – 1623 kg m-3, the lowest average values (in average 1466 kg m-3) was found for reduce tillage. Total porosity answered to bulk density and its values was from 38.12 % to 49.26 %, higher values were at conventional and reduce tillage and lower at no-tillage practise. Maximum capillary water capacity values in range 31.65 – 42.03 % reached level of values typical for heavy soils of the East Slovak Lowland. The trend analysis of 10-years-time series indicate decreasing of bulk density at conventional and reduce tillage variants, but its increasing for no-tillage variant. The time course of the total porosity had the opposite course than bulk density. Mainly for no-tillage variant, trend of decreasing of total porosity influence the possibility of air and water regimes changes for clay-loamy soil, which may result in a reduction of the transport function of soil. During observed period the changes of maximum capillary water capacity wasn’t significant. Application of soil protective technologies for heavy soils as integrated system, in long-time horizon doesn't have to mean deterioration of basic soil physical parameters.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of optimum contribution selection (OCS) in a small native cattle breed. In practical animal breeding, the genetic improvement is often accompanied by an increase of inbreeding level due to the preferential use of closely related animals, particularly in small populations. This may lead to a reduction of genetic variability and to detrimental effects on some traits. The OCS maximizes the genetic merit of newborns while putting a restriction on the average relationship of the current generation. Despite the benefits, OCS has not been widely applied in practical breeding plans yet. This study considered the effects of OCS in the dual-purpose Rendena cattle, by applying different penalties to the average relationship of current generation (from 0 to -100,000). The OCS was applied on the candidate bull-dams and bull-sires for the years 2014 to 2019, and compared with simulations of random mating, traditional selection and mating system used by the breeders association. Considering the mating of 2014 and 2015, OCS allowed to obtain a predicted offspring with lower genetic merit than in traditional selection, but also with a lower inbreeding. When OCS was routinely introduced in the breed, in 2016, a reduction in genetic merit but also a consistent reduction in the average relatedness and inbreeding rate were observed. Subsequent years showed the actual effects of the OCS program: after the introduction of the optimization, the inbreeding rate did not increase over years. Moreover, the traditional mating system results were suboptimal in respect to OCS simulations. The study confirmed the benefit of OCS as effective tool for long-term preservation of small local breeds under selection, which is important for biodiversity and sustainable use of the genetic resources.

The aim of the study was to compare the keel bone profile of hens reared in cage and cage-free rearing systems. Experiments were carried out on a poultry farm on two alternative rearing systems and on one cage hall and measurements were carried out in laboratory conditions with Bovans Brown laying hens aged 32 to 47 weeks. The obtained results were evaluated using the statistical program SAS with version 8.2. In the set of 18 keel bone samples that we monitored, the average phosphorus content was measured as 15.19 g.kg-1 with a variation of the measured values of 6.09, an average magnesium content of 0.49 g.kg-1 with a variation of the measured values of 0.15, an average content of calcium 33.76 g.kg-1 with a variation of the measured values of 14.78 and an average value of the ratio between calcium and phosphorus of 2.19 with a variation of the measured values of 0.09. Individual laying hen breeding systems did not have a statistically significant effect (P >0.05) on the content of phosphorus, magnesium, calcium and the ratio between calcium and phosphorus in the keel bone of laying hens.

The aim of this work was to describe microscopic and submicroscopic changes in uterine tube of 40 sows in the estral cycle. Samples of the uterine tube were obtained for histological studies by vivisection from three sections of uterine tube. Samples were fixed for light microscopy (LM) in formaldehyde and in glutaraldehyde paraformaldehyde for scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. They were subsequently processed in the usual manner in the LM and electron microscopic studies laboratories. We did not detect progressive changes in the length of the uterine tube. Unlike the sows‘ weight (2.57 ± 1.12 g or 2.26 ± 0.96 g), the length of the uterine tube was virtually unchanged depending on the stage of the cycle (30.2 ± 2.51 cm in FF or 30.1 ± 2.39 cm in LF). The largest relative volume of the epithelial layer was at the follicular stage of the cycle along the entire uterine tube. The difference varied from 4.99% - isthmus to 13.62% infundibulum between each part. Significant changes were seen between the ciliary and secretory cells during the estral cycle in the various parts of the uterine tube. Ciliary cells dominated throughout the cycle in infindibulum and ampulla, whereas secretory cells in isthmus. Their changes and differentiations are the manifestations of hormonal changes that direct the estral cycle. Submicroscopic changes of cells in the estral cycle have also been described.

The aim of this work was to describe the microscopic and submicroscopic changes of the uterus of 20 pinzugus heifers in their postnatal development (12th, 24th and 36th week of age) and in the experimental form of subclinical hypoglycemia. Uterine specimens were obtained from the uterine horns by a vivisection for histological studies. Samples were fixed for light microscopy (LM) in formaldehyde and for scanning by electron microscope (SEM) and transmissive electron microscopy (TEM) in glutaraldehyde. Subsequently, the samples were processed in the usual manner as used in the LM and electron microscopic studies laboratories. The uterus increased to 24th weeks by 19.4 %. The uterine weight decreased significantly (P<0.01) at the time of hypoglycemia (-14.6 %). When the ovarian weight increased (+48.8 %) to 36th week of age, the uterine weight increased by 39.9 %. At the time of hypoglycaemia, the ovarian weight decreased by 4.4 % and the uterine weight decreased by 17.1 %. Endometrial development was mostly pronounced between 12th and 24th week of age (P<0.05). In particular, the superficial (+24.8 %) and glandular epithelium (+25.9 %) developed. Slower development continues up to 36th week, but in animals with hypoglycaemic development it stagnates (-4.1 % and -18.8 % respectively). The nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio was gradually reduced in luminal epithelial cells (N:C 1:3.2 to 1:2.9 respectively) and narrowed in glandular epithelial cells (N:C 1:2.3 to 1:1.7 respectively). A larger decrease was observed in the glandular epithelium. Mitochondria (M) increased the volume in both epithelium types (22.4 % and 28.2 %). In a hypoglycaemia is volume of M low (-18.4 % and -16.2 %). The rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) increased in volume (+6.5 % and +5.6 % respectively) in both types of epithelial cells. Hypoglycaemia has been shown to decrease the volume of rER approximately equally (-10.9 % and -10.2 %). Macroscopic, microscopic and submicroscopic cell changes of endometrium are described in postnatal development and experimental subclinical hypoglycemia of heifers. There is a clear manifestation of the energy deficit in the retardation of growth and developmental changes.

Many bacterial species are currently known as etiologic agents of dairy cattle metritis. Antimicrobials for endometritis treatment are infused into the uterus, and these therapies are aimed to achieve high concentrations of antibiotics in the site of infection. The aim of this work was to verify the possibility of using a non-antibiotic active substance to prevent the emergence of postpartum infections in cows. The study was realised in 12 herds of Holstein, Simental and Pinzgau cattle (4,563 animals), where the incidence of postpartum reproductive disorders was higher than 20%. After parturition, animals (4,563) were divided into four groups: (I) 1,967 primipara cows treated, (II) 2,596 pluripara cows treated, (III) 638 primipara cows untreated and (IV) 667 pluripara cows untreated. Animals were treated 24 hours after parturition with 100 ml Lactobacillus spp. (LBC), lyophilised preparation (1 ml contained 1.0 ×109 microorganisms). Lyophilisate was diluted just before the application with a sterile solvent with pH 4.4–4.7. The most prevalent pathogens were E. coli (74.7%) and Trueperella pyogenes (17.3%). E. coli caused up to 88.2% of genital inflammation – mostly endometritis. The positive effect of the preventive application of preparation based on LBC significantly eliminated the occurrence of bacterial microflora after the parturition on the 14th and 20th day of the puerperium, respectively. The preventive application was manifested to a demonstrable extent also in the subsequent reproductive parameters of cows. The preparation appeared to be more effective in primipara, especially concerning the incidence of inflammatory conditions of the genitals (P <0.01).

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the claw diseases of dairy cows on the protein and urea content in milk. The study was conducted on 198 dairy cows, half of which was lame. Animals were divided into three groups according to their current phase of lactation. The cause of lameness was diagnosed in the claw crush. Milk samples were taken from all animals and the protein and urea content were determined. The content of protein and urea in milk of the lame cows in the first phase of lactation was reduced by 9.55 % and 29.9 %, respectively. Lame cows in the second phase of lactation had milk and urea content reduced by 6.94 % and 18.9 %, respectively. The cows in the third phase of lactation had content of milk protein and urea decreased by 10.3 % and 18 %, respectively. These results point to the fact that painful claw diseases affect the protein and urea content of milk.

The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the technological meat quality of the breed White Mangalitsa through the pH, electric conductivity, drip loss and meat color parameters. Totally, 20 pigs of the breed White Mangalitsa (10 barrows and 10 gilts) were evaluated. Pigs were bred under the intensive breeding conditions. The animals were fed ad libitum using a complete feed compound with the added silage. Pigs were slaughtered upon reaching 110 kg of live weight. The muscles of MLD (Musculus longissimus dorsi) and MSM (Musculus semimembranosus) were evaluated. The meat quality analysis showed that pH1 was similar between the muscles. The evidently lower pH2 value was in MLD (p <0.01). The EC1 value (p <0.01) was evidently higher in the MSM muscle. The EC2 values in MLD and MSM were similar. Between the muscles, an evidentiary difference was observed in water drip loss (p <0.01), greater losses were recorded in MLD. In the SCI a * and SCI b * values, which express the redness and yellowness of the meat, the values in MSM were evidently higher. The lightness of the meat (SCI L *) was the same in both muscles. The differences between the sexes in the observed qualitative parameters were not evidentiary.