„silage“ 20 výsledků

The aim of this study was to determine the nutritive value and fermentation parameters of silage made from hybrid Rumex patientia L. x Rumex tianschanicus A.Los (Rumex OK 2). Silages were made in months September, October and November of the year 2017 and next in April and May of the year 2018. In each month two variants were analysed, one without additives and second with an addition of 1% of dried molasses to wilted Rumex OK 2 plants. After 5 weeks fermentation in hermetic sealed plastic bags at temperature 20°C the concentration of nutrients and parameters of fermentation were analysed in average samples. The content of dry matter in all silages were low and ranged from 7.1 to 18.8%. Content of crude protein was highest in autumn months, when was from 289 to 339 g.kg-1 DM, which is much more compared to alfalfa silages. Crude fiber was in spring months from 295 to 422 g.kg-1 DM and in autumn months from 126 to 166 g.kg-1 DM. Development of fiber components was similar to development of crude fiber content. The concentration of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber in Rumex OK 2 silages from autumn months meet the criteria for first class legume silage. Only silages from October and November had the content of lactic acid more than 10 g.kg-1 of original matter. Addition of dried molasses increased (P<0.05) concentration of lactic acid and decreased (P>0.05) concentration of acetic acid in silages from September, October, April and May. All Rumex OK 2 silages did not contain butyric acid. Silage pH value appertain to its dry matter concentration was relative high, which make impossible the good overall assessment. However, according to concentration of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and proteolysis can be Rumex OK 2 silages from autumn months considered as a nutritional valuable feed. On the other hand Rumex OK 2 silage from September contains high concentration of oxalic acid, which can be potentially hazardous for animals.

This study was conducted to assess the silage quality of Zingiber officinale fortified samples in a completely randomized design. The samples consisted of four treatments as samples: Cassava peel (65%) + Moringa leaf (15%) + PKC (20%)+ Ginger (0 g), Cassava peel (65%) + Moringa leaf (15%) + PKC (20%) + ginger (200 g), Cassava peel (65%) + Moringa leaf (15%) + PKC (20%) + ginger (300 g), Cassava peel (65%) + Moringa leaf (15%) + PKC (20%) + ginger (400 g). The physical characteristics; colour, smell, texture, pH, temperature and mould status were observed. All samples retained their original colour, had pleasant alcoholic smell with a firm texture, the pH ranged from 4.2–4.4, temperature range of 25–26 °C with sample D having the highest temperature range of 26 °C while samples A and B had the same temperature of 25.5 °C. The mould status showed absence of mould. The chemical composition revealed that dry matter ranged from 40.86% (sample B) to 54.68% (sample D). Crude protein content ranged from 13.30% to 14.88%, crude fibre content of the samples was significantly (p <0.05) different and it ranged from 14.67% to 22.14%. The mineral concentrations of the samples were higher in Zingiber officinale samples except in sample A where potassium was higher (100.40 mg 100 g-1) than in other samples. Volatile fatty acid composition showed that lactic acid (3.24–4.86%) had higher concentration than other acids. It can therefore be concluded that Zingiber officinale fortified sample showed better nutritional potential as ruminant feed.

The aim of this research was to find out the changes in fermentation parameters of whole-crop rye silage after adding the biological additive. Two variants of rye silage were used in the experiment: variant C (silage without additive) and variant A (silage with the addition of additive). The wilted whole-crop rye was treated with strains of lactic acid bacteria (Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactococcus lactis 1.25x1011 CFU.g-1) in a dose of 2 g of additive + 25 ml of water per 1 ton of matter. Both silage variants were ensiled with a vacuum pack device and after 2 months of storage, average samples were taken to determine the dry matter content, fermentation products, acidity of water extract, pH and the degree of proteolysis by appropriate methods. Treatment of rye silage with a microbial silage additive affected the quality of rye silage by a statistically significant (P <0.05) higher content of lactic acid and acidity of water extract. The lower content of acetic acid, alcohols, pH value and the degree of proteolysis were also statistically significant (P <0.05). The results confirmed the positive effect of the addition of Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactococcus lactis on the quality of the fermentation process of rye silage.

Currently, the prices of dairy cows feed with protein concentrates are rising and the climate change is also manifesting itself with a growing drought in animal production. These are the reasons why there is an increasing interest in growing silage from legume–cereal mixtures (L-C-M) and in increasing their share in feed rations for dairy cows. Furthermore, the L-C-Ms improve the soil fertility during the crop rotation. The effect of these feeds on milk quality was evaluated by adding L-C-M silages into feeding rations. Czech Fleckvieh and Holstein breed dairy cows (8 herds; feeding periods without and with L-C-M silages) were included in the evaluation for 3 years. There were used 126 L-C-M (experimental) and 463 control (without L-C-M) bulk tank milk samples in this dairy analysis. Lactose content, solids non fat content and total count of mesophilic bacteria in milk of L-C-M group was increased as compared to control (zero hypothesis probability varied from P ≤ 0.05 to P ≤ 0.001). On the contrary, as new knowledge, milk freezing point depression and somatic cell counts were decreased in L-C-M group as compared to control (P ≤ 0.001 and P ≤ 0.05). Other milk indicators such as contents of fat, crude protein, milk urea and thermostability (P > 0.05) were not affected by evaluated factor. The residues of inhibitory substances in bulk tank milk in the L-C-M group were not indicated, but one case was in the control group. Feeding of dairy cows with an increased proportion of L-C-M silage in the roughage component a part of the feeding ration is a safe way to replace part of the protein concentrates in animal feeding, regarding milk quality.

Silage technology is one of the major strategies for nutritionally improving and preserving feedstuff during seasonal shortages for ruminant animals. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the silage characteristics, nutrient profiles and in vitro digestibility of raw, poultry manure- and urea- ensiled cocoa bean shell meal. The mixtures of raw CBSM and poultry manure (PCBSM) in ratio 1 : 1 (w/w) and 5% urea solution (UCBSM) in ratio 1 : 1 (v/w) were ensiled for seven days under anaerobic conditions. Data generated were subjected to appropriate statistical tools. According to physicochemical properties the silages produced could be acceptable/palatable for ruminants. Nutrient compositions was best improved in poultry manure ensiled cocoa bean shell. Mineral compositions were significantly improved by the treatments while anti-nutrients decomposed and reduced significantly. Alkaloid, oxalate and theobromine content were lower in the PCBSM while the UCBSM was lower in phytate. In vitro digestibility study showed that the feed materials are degradable and would nutrients could be absorbed and utilized by the animals, if fed. The organic matter digestibility (OMD), short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and metabolizable energy (ME) values confirmed the nutritional potentials of PCBSM as best feed materials over all. Methane production were minimal, would not lead to bloat in animals and thus, eco-friendly. Summarily, poultry manure ensiled cocoa bean shell meal could be a suitable alternative feed material in ruminant production and is thus, recommended.

The aim of this work was to identify and quantify the relationships between dry matter content and key energy nutrients (water-soluble carbohydrates and starch) in silage maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) during vegetation development in the foothills of Slovakia. This work summarises the results of 9 experiments carried out at three locations (2016 to 2021: 140 different hybrids; 1,320 measured samples). Dry matter content was determined by a combination of gravimetric determination and measurement of water content in dried samples using the NIRS method (prediction model R2 0.987). We also determined the content of water soluble carbohydrates (prediction model R2 0.994) and starch (prediction model R2 0.978) in dry matter using the NIRS method. Using 3rd and 4th degree polynomial models, we evaluated the contents of these nutrients at a dry matter content level of 300 g.kg-1, which we can consider as a basic starting point for reaching maize silage maturity. Across individual years, and across groups of hybrids grouped according to silage maturity determined by dry matter content, water soluble sugar content reached 140 g.kg-1 of dry matter and starch content reached 280 g.kg-1 of dry matter at a dry matter content of 300 g.kg-1. We found the lowest variation coefficient (7.53%) when evaluating the relationship between dry matter and the sum of water-soluble carbohydrates together with starch. We suggest using this parameter as a second criterion for determining silage maturity, and also for classifying hybrids in silage maturity groups with rounding to a ten-day period.

1,2-propanediol (propanediol) represents an important glucoplastic substance for the nutritional requirements of highly productive cows, and its natural synthesis during silage fermentation is of great importance. The aim of this paper was to monitor the fermentation activity of two combinations of homo- and hetero-fermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in two preparations (preparation 1: L. buchneri, L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum; preparation 2: L. buchneri, L. rhamnosus, L. diolivorans). Propanediol production was monitored in maize silages at the following levels: cutting technology, hybrid, vegetation development, type of silage fermentation and length of fermentation time. From the point of view of silage alternatives, preparation 1 fulfilled the declared properties and had a demonstrably positive influence on the production of propanediol in maize silages from whole plants (average content of 4.93 g.kg-1). Propanediol production in the silage alternative with preparation 2 (average content of 1.33 g.kg-1) was higher when compared to the negative control (average content of 0.11 g.kg-1). The production of propanediol decreased with increasing dry matter content, which is directly related to the advancing vegetative development of plants. The type of silage fermentation and vegetation development had a statistically demonstrable effect on the level of propanediol production in maize silages. A statistically significant difference at the hybrid level was only identified with one hybrid. No statistically significant differences were found at the level of cutting technology and length of fermentation time. The fermentation activity of the Lactobacillus buchneri strain used depended on its combination with other homofermentative and/or heterofermentative LAB strains.

The effect of different fertilizers (digestate, Ureastabil) and their combinations with strip-till/no-till technology on yield and selected quality parameters of the maize hybrid KWS Kampinos (FAO 200) in a dual cropping system (winter rye - maize) was assessed in two-year field trials (harvest 2021-2022). A significant influence of year was found in most monitored parameters. A total of 6 variants were compared, 2 variants with no-till and 4 variants with strip-till. After using the strip-till method, the silage maize yield increased significantly (11.8 – 15.4 t DM/ha) compared to the no-till method, either on the unfertilized variant (8.3 t DM/ha) or after applying fertilizer Ureastabil (11.44 t DM/ha). When using the strip-till method, no significant differences in the yield of silage maize (average over 2 years) were demonstrated between these three fertilized variants: Ureastabil (14.03 t DM/ha); digestate + Ureastabil (15.4 t DM/ha), digestate (14.2 t DM/ha) at total dose of 120 kg N/ha for each variant. The dry matter content of the silage biomass was insignificant between all the variants (32.0 – 34.1%). Differences in quality parameters of silage under the influence of fertilization variants were minimal (crude protein, starch, ash, ADF) or none (NDF). From the results obtained, it can be concluded that maize can be successfully grown and fertilized with strip-till soil conservation technology.

Silages represents the principal component of the diet of high-producing dairy cows. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the existing literature on the impact of silage quality on the feed intake, performance, and health of dairy cows. The review described the impact of the nutritional quality of silages and fermentation products on dairy cow performance, including the implementation of preventive practices to avoid the undesirable fermentation process. The following section focused on the prevalence of pathogens that present a risk to animals and humans. A summary was provided of the most recent findings on the occurrence of Clostridium spp., Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillus spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in silage. The final section of the review addressed the most recent findings on the prevalence of undesirable metabolites, such as mycotoxins and biogenic amines, in silage. The mycotoxin section concentrated on the adverse health effects of elevated mycotoxin concentrations in dairy cow feed rations.

Aim of this study was to determine the gross energy concentration of fresh, wilted and ensiled Rumex OK 2 (Rumex patientia L. x Rumex tianschanicus A.Los.) from spring months and June. Samples were collected in spring months and June of the year 2018. The plant of Rumex OK 2 consist in March mainly from rosette of leaves and the stalk is not higher than leaves, from April is stalk higher than rosette of leaves. The height of Rumex OK 2 during analysed months was following, March 60.96 ± 5.22 cm; April 114.70 ± 35.15 cm, May 168.31 ± 39.74 cm and June 197.41 ± 48.44 cm. Rumex OK 2 silage was made from wilted matter, with or without of addition of dried molasses. Gross energy was determined as the heat released after combustion of a sample (Leco AC 500) in MJ per kilogram of dry matter (DM) of the sample. The dry matter and gross energy concentration of fresh Rumex OK 2 increased during study, dry matter from 7.42% in March to 56.97% in June and gross energy from 18.00 MJ.kg-1 of DM in March to 18.88 MJ.kg-1 of DM in June. Statistically significant (P<0.05) higher concentration of dry matter, as well as gross energy was detected in wilted Rumex OK 2 samples and silages from May compared to April. Addition of dried molasses to wilted Rumex OK 2 did not affected concentration of gross energy in silages (P>0.05). From all analysed Rumex OK 2 samples the highest concentration of gross energy had silage from May with addition of dried molasses, 19.04 MJ.kg-1 of DM. The utilisation of Rumex OK 2 from spring months can by neither for bioenergy production as a source of renewable energy, or after evaluation of nutritive value as a source of energy and nutrients in animal nutrition in form of pasture and silage. Rumex OK 2 from summer months seems to be utilized only as a source of heat via direct combustion.

Aim of this experiment was to determine the gross energy concentration of fresh, wilted and ensiled hybrid of Rumex patientia L. x Rumex tianschanicus A. Los. (Rumex OK 2). Samples were collected in autumn months of the year 2017. The plant of Rumex OK 2 consist during autumn months only from rosette of leaves. The height of leaves was in autumn months following, September 56.68±13.80 cm; October 59.29±11.93 cm and November 55.98±10.80 cm. Rumex OK 2 silage was made from wilted matter, with or without of addition of dried molasses. Gross energy was determined as the heat released after combustion of a sample (Leco AC 500) in MJ per kilogram of dry matter of the sample. By the autumn months the concentration of dry matter, as well as the concentration of gross energy increased, except Rumex OK 2 silage from November. The highest concentration of gross energy had wilted Rumex OK 2 from November (18.02 MJ.kg-1 of dry matter). There was no significant effect of addition of dried molasses to wilted Rumex OK 2 before ensiling on gross energy concentration in Rumex OK 2 silages (P>0.05). Gross energy concentration of all types of analysed samples had relative high value (16.98 to 18.02 MJ.kg-1 of dry matter). Fresh or ensiled Rumex OK 2 can be used as a part of feed ratio for ruminants or can be utilised in biogas station. However, due to the low content of dry mater in fresh or wilted material the production of silage can be in autumn months problematic.

The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the technological meat quality of the breed White Mangalitsa through the pH, electric conductivity, drip loss and meat color parameters. Totally, 20 pigs of the breed White Mangalitsa (10 barrows and 10 gilts) were evaluated. Pigs were bred under the intensive breeding conditions. The animals were fed ad libitum using a complete feed compound with the added silage. Pigs were slaughtered upon reaching 110 kg of live weight. The muscles of MLD (Musculus longissimus dorsi) and MSM (Musculus semimembranosus) were evaluated. The meat quality analysis showed that pH1 was similar between the muscles. The evidently lower pH2 value was in MLD (p <0.01). The EC1 value (p <0.01) was evidently higher in the MSM muscle. The EC2 values in MLD and MSM were similar. Between the muscles, an evidentiary difference was observed in water drip loss (p <0.01), greater losses were recorded in MLD. In the SCI a * and SCI b * values, which express the redness and yellowness of the meat, the values in MSM were evidently higher. The lightness of the meat (SCI L *) was the same in both muscles. The differences between the sexes in the observed qualitative parameters were not evidentiary.

The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the technological meat quality of the breed White Mangalitsa through the pH, electric conductivity, drip loss and meat color parameters. Totally, 20 pigs of the breed White Mangalitsa (10 barrows and 10 gilts) were evaluated. Pigs were bred under the intensive breeding conditions. The animals were fed ad libitum using a complete feed compound with the added silage. Pigs were slaughtered upon reaching 110 kg of live weight. The muscles of MLD (Musculus longissimus dorsi) and MSM (Musculus semimembranosus) were evaluated. The meat quality analysis showed that pH1 was similar between the muscles. The evidently lower pH2 value was in MLD (p <0.01). The EC1 value (p <0.01) was evidently higher in the MSM muscle. The EC2 values in MLD and MSM were similar. Between the muscles, an evidentiary difference was observed in water drip loss (p <0.01), greater losses were recorded in MLD. In the SCI a * and SCI b * values, which express the redness and yellowness of the meat, the values in MSM were evidently higher. The lightness of the meat (SCI L *) was the same in both muscles. The differences between the sexes in the observed qualitative parameters were not evidentiary.

The aim of the experiment was study the effect of different feeding system on fatty acids (FA) profile of cow’s milk. The tank’s samples from two farms were collected. On these farms breed: the Slovak Spotted cattle was reared. Feeding system was realized on the base pasture + supplementary feeding without silage – grazing feeding system (farm A) and silage feeding system (farm B). The FA profile in the milk samples with the apparatus (Agilent 6890A GC, Agilent technologies, USA) were analysed. Feeding system affects FA profile of cow’s milk. Significantly higher proportion of FA in milk samples: C4:0, C17:0, C18:1 cis-n9, C18:2 cis-n9, C18:3-n3 and C20:0 in milk from grazing feeding system (farm A) was detected. The samples of milk only from this feeding system contained C20:5 n3. Significantly higher content of 18:2 cis n6 and presence of C13:0, C20:3 n6 and C20:4 n6 only in milk samples from silage feeding system were determined. Significantly lower proportion of saturated FA was typical for milk from farm A and significantly higher proportion of polyunsaturated FA was characteristic for the samples from farm B. The influence of the feeding system on the monounsaturated FA content was not confirmed. In milk samples from both feeding systems very different n6/n3 FA ratio was detected, with lower value for milk from grazing feeding system (1.36 vs. 9.12).

The study was conducted with the objective of evaluating nutrient digestibility and energy concentrations of wilted and ensiled mixture composed of 40% of three cultivars of Italian ryegrass + 20% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 20% of two cultivars of winter oats + 15% of winter wheat + 5% of winter barley. After 90 days of fermentation digestibility experiments were carried out on six Hungarian Merino wethers (4 years of age, initial body weight 84.56 ± 5.53 kg). The net energy for lactation (NEl), maintenance (NEm) and growth (NEg) was computed following NRC (2001) equation to estimate energy values of feed. The apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were 67.90%, 72.12%, 73.44%, 70.90% and 70.76%, respectively. The NEl, NEm and NEg values were 5.37, 5.74 and 3.32 MJ/kg DM, respectively. The nitrogen and energy dependent metabolizable protein values were 97.03 and 88.87 g/kg DM, respectively. These results suggest that the high NDF and CP digestibility and energy concentration implies that this mixture can be included successfully in dairy cattle diets.

A study was conducted on the effect of two different lamb production systems on the fatty acid (FA) composition of subcutaneous fat of 40 purebred Ile de France lambs. In the first production system, ewes and lambs grazed on pasture without concentrate (GS), whereas in the second production system, ewes and lambs were housed indoor and fed silage/hay and concentrate (IS). Twenty lambs (7 females and 13 males) were included in each group. Lambs were slaughtered at 28.75 ± 2.76 kg. The FA were determined by gas chromatography and analysed through ANOVA by considering the following fixed effects: production system, sex and the interaction between production system and sex. Subcutaneous fat of GS lambs had greater proportion of C18:3n-3 (P <0.001), C22:5n-3 (P <0.05) and C22:6n-3 (P <0.05) than IS lambs, which resulted in a higher sum of n-3 polyunsaturated FA in GS compared to IS lambs (2.00 vs. 1.15 g/100 g FAME, P <0.001). Moreover, subcutaneous fat of GS lambs had greater proportion of c9,t11-C18:2 (P <0.001) and sum of detected conjugated linoleic acid isomers than IS lambs (2.21 vs. 0.67 g/100 g FAME, P <0.001). Females had significantly greater proportion of C18:2n-6 (P <0.05) and C18:3n-6 (P <0.001) than males. We can conclude that the GS system where lambs are raised under grazing conditions may provide carcasses with a more acceptable subcutaneous fat, as far as a human health and nutrition perspective is concerned.

The effect of growing maize with undersown crops on the content of mycotoxins in maize biomass was studied. Small plot experiments were conducted in 2019 on two sites with different soil and climatic conditions: Žabčice and Troubsko. Three treatments of intermediate crops (Italian ryegrass; Fodder vetch and a mixture of both) were undersown into the space between the rows of maize. The maize was harvested at a dry matter content of 35% at the Troubsko experimental site and 43% at the Žabčice experimental site. After the harvest of maize, samples of green biomass (shreddings) were dried at 60°C and then analyzed for the content of mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), aflatoxin (AF,L), and fumonisin (FUM). An average yield of maize shreddings ranged from 16.50 to 21.57 t/ha of dry matter within the individual treatment. The contents of mycotoxins from the sites differed in their statistical significance, and both experimental sites showed the lowest concentrations of AFL in maize shreddings while average concentrations of FUM and DON were always the highest. In most observations, treatments with the undersown crops reached the same values as the control treatment. Only in one treatment (mixture of Italian rye grass and Fodder vetch), an increase in the AFL content (by 0.3 µg/kg) was detected. Based on the performed analyses, it is possible to state that no adverse influence of undersown crops on the occurrence of mycotoxins in maize shreddings was recorded using the chosen methodology of cultivation. Exceeded limit values for the content of mycotoxins in feeds according to 2006/576/ were not recorded.

The work evaluates the content of nutrients, rumen digestibility of NDF, degradability of CP, and intestinal digestibility of rumen un-degradable proteins in protein forages and concentrated feeds. The analysis of nutrient content confirmed along with the increase of plant maturity expressed by the increase of NDF, a significant decrease of NFC and CP in the regression dependence R2 = 0.7649 and R2 = 0.7116, respectively. The in situ method after 30 hours of incubation confirmed the higher NDF digestibility (P <0.001) of young roughages. The degradability of CP in alfalfa and grass silages was on average 78.7 ±6.1% or 63.7 ±9.7%. Higher protein degradability was confirmed in early-stage forages compared to mature forages for alfalfa (P <0.05) and grass (P <0.01) silages. Intestinal digestibility of un-degradable proteins determined by the modified three-step method was on average 64.1 ±2.5% in alfalfa silages and 51.0 ±5.6% in grass silages, with a statistically significant decrease (P <0.05) in mature forages. The obtained values of rumen degradability of crude protein confirmed a significant difference (P <0.001) between concentrates ranging from 20.3 to 76.0% (mean 58.1 ±3.0%) according to heat treatment. Intestinal digestibility of un-degraded protein varied from 54.5 ±1.4% in raw soybean to 95.2 ±1.0% in corn gluten feed. This study showed that the digestibility factor of crude protein and intestinal digestibility methods for protein feeds can be used in models to optimize the protein nutrition of dairy cows.

Microalgae are recognized as one of the most promising raw materials for the production of third generation biofuels because of their fast growth and high energy yields. Chlorella sorokiniana is a green microalgae that thrives in wastewater and is also used for its purification. The goal were to verify the effective method of cultivation and subsequent biochemical conversion of green microalgae in open bioreactors, monitoring the amount and quality of biogas produced in an experimental fermenter using the wet fermentation method at the Faculty of European Studies and Regional Development at the Slovak University of Agriculture in 2023. As a result of the experiment, we found that the specific production of biogas per unit of organic dry matter of 4.503 m3/kg from the grown biomass of green microalgae of the monitored species several times, specifically 4.7 times exceeded the specific production of biogas from first-class corn silage. When converting the specific production of biogas per unit of dry matter, 2.197 m3/kg represents 3.8 times more compared to the most important raw material for biogas production, corn silage. Third generation biofuels are not yet enough used in Slovakia, but there is considerable potential, as our experiment proved.