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To process the purpose of reduction of the maturation process of pork meat, the bio-preservation of meat products, and the prevention of microbial contamination, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus plantarum strains were used. The application of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains proved to impact the duration of the maturation process of salt-cured pork by shortening the process, as opposed to samples of pork salt-cured in a traditional way and containing a commercial BactoFlavor® culture used in production. The maturation process of pork was accompanied by decreased glycogen levels and increased lactic acid, dominant in samples containing L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus strains. The maturation also triggered a shift in pH, making it more acidic. The tendency towards glycogenolysis in samples containing LAB strains, prior to the formation of lactic acid, is determined by LAB strains producing lactic acid too, which helps explain the low level of pyruvate. The application of LAB strains as protective starter cultures with bactericidal activity during the in situ fermentation of meat demonstrates that the use of strains leads to the decrease of total contamination by 2 Log CFU·ml⁻¹, while using a commercial starter brings about a decrease of 1 Log CFU·ml⁻¹. After 4 days of meat maturation, L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum inhibited the growth of E. coli by 2 Log CFU·ml⁻¹; after 8 days, the use of LAB and BactoFlavor® led to the absence of E. coli. The broad antimicrobial and bacteriocin spectrum of LAB stimulated their application in the food industry as natural preservatives.

An experiment was designed to examine the effect of sage leaves (Salvia officinalis. L.) use in hens’ diet on laying productivity, egg morphological and sensor properties, serum biochemistry, and egg chemical composition. A total of 90 hens from the Bulgarian synthetic population LB at the age of 40 weeks were randomly divided into three groups: S0 (without dried and milled leaves of S. officinalis L supplementation) and S25, and S50 experimental groups (diets supplemented with dried and milled leaves of S. officinalis L. at 0.25% and 0.50% respectively). The sage use in the daily dose of 0.50% led to a significant increase in hens’ body weight (P <0.05); laying intensity (P <0.05); Haugh Units (P <0.01); albumen index (P <0.01) and egg yolk color (P <0.001). The addition of 0.25% S. officinalis significantly decreased the total cholesterol level in the blood serum (P <0.05) but significantly increased the content of protein (P <0.001); fat (P <0.05), and ash (P <0.01; P <0.05) in eggs. The supplementation of the tested product does not aggravate the eggs’ sensor properties.

DGAT1 gene polymorphism in exon 8 AA→GC which converts lysine to alanine at position 232 (K232A) was determined to have significant influence on bovine milk production characteristics like milk yield, protein content, fat content, and fatty acid composition. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of DGAT1 gene polymorphism on dairy production traits [milk yield (kg), fat yield (kg), fat content (%), protein yield (kg) and protein content (%)]. Genotyping of 136 Holstein cows was performed using the ACRS-PCR method. The genotypes frequencies were as follows: homozygous genotype AA (80.88%), heterozygous genotype AK (16.91%) and homozygous genotype KK (2.21%). In the monitored population, allele A had a predominance with a frequency of 89.34% over allele K with a frequency of 10.66%. In the study was observed a statistically significant (P <0.0001) effect of DGAT1 K232A marker genotypes on breeding value variability for milk fat and protein content (%) as well as milk yield (kg) was observed.

The paper analyses how much tax burden affects production volume and budget revenues. The projections show what happens when a government increases the tax rate (added value tax), i.e. how it reflects on the volume of fattening pig production on the one hand and how it reflects on the level of tax revenue. Fiscal policy represents a complex area through which the state sets out the operating conditions through various instruments. In this paper, the simulation of the tax rates and the effects on the produced quantities is made on pig meat production. By imposing large taxes, taxpayers feel less incentive to make money, because whatever they earn, they go to the state. A more detailed analysis was made on a sample of fattening production of 100,000 animals. Some implications of established empirical links between variables are presented in the paper. The change in tax rate of 10% multiplies an increase in tax reported in cash in amount of 44.4%.

Global warming is already affecting several areas and a further increase of 1.5°C is expected by 2050. Dairy cattle are particularly sensitive to high temperature. So, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of temperature-humidity index (THI) on milk traits, considering changes of climatic parameters in the different seasons from 2010 to 2018. The study was conducted in 3 farms located in a hilly-mountainous area of Tuscany, the Mugello, situated from 220 to 450 m above sea level. Data on average daily milk yield and composition were monthly collected in the 3 farms from 2010 to 2018, while climatic parameters were recorded by a climatic station located in the area of the farms. As regards the climatic parameters, no significant variations have been observed in the last decade. The THI calculated thanks to the recording of temperature and humidity of the weather station, during the warmest months, was high enough to cause heat stress. The milk quality traits declined when THI increased. In conclusion, there was not any evidence that global warming has been affecting Mugello, but, despite its altitude, high THI usually reached during spring and summer seasons are already high enough to cause heat stress and a further increase could worsen farm productivity.

Hormones and fatty acids play a crucial role in enhancing the yield and quality of in vitro produced embryos. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of leptin and linoleic acid in increasing the in vitro maturation rate of ovine oocytes and the resulting competence of embryos. Two experiments were conducted. The first experiment aimed to investigate the nuclear status of oocytes at three maturation intervals (9, 21, and 28 hours), while the second experiment aimed to examine the cleavage rates and quality of the resulting embryos. In both experiments, the oocytes were matured in six maturation treatments, primarily consisting of TCM-199 supplemented with varying concentrations of leptin and linoleic acid. The control group, without any addition, was designated as T0, while increasing concentrations of leptin and linoleic acid were added to four treatments: T1 (50 nM.ml-1 and 10 µM, respectively), T2 (75 nM.ml-1 and 100 µM, respectively), T3 (100 nM.ml-1 and 200 µM, respectively), and T4 (150 nM.ml-1 and 1,000 µM, respectively). In the last treatment (T5), only 15% fetal calf serum was added. In comparison with the control (T0) and T5 treatments, matured oocytes in the T3 treatment achieved the highest rates of M-II (88.46% at 28 hours; p <0.001), cleavage (81.27%; p = 0.001), 2–8 cells (22.55%; p = 0.001), morula (11.27%; p = 0.04), blastocyst (66.18%; p = 0.001), and Type I embryo (47.55%; p = 0.02). In conclusion, the maturation of sheep oocytes in a combination of leptin (100 nM.ml-1) and linoleic acid (200 µM) through TCM-199 resulted in the highest rates of maturation and embryonic cleavage of excellent quality.

The article highlights the expediency of growing buckwheat, which meets the basic requirements of organic production, reducing the anthropogenic burden on the environment, preserving and increasing soil fertility. The introduction of organic buckwheat cultivation technology is relevant in modern economic conditions, which contributes to the restoration of agroecosystems and ensures the production of environmentally friendly agricultural products. According to the results of the conducted researches, the regularities of formation of buckwheat seed productivity in organic production were determined. The use of organic fertilizer-biostimulant Vermimag for buckwheat seed treatment and foliar feeding of plants helps to reduce weed infestation of crops, increase yields and increase the economic efficiency of organic buckwheat cultivation technology.

Five bread wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) were evaluated in vitro by culturing explants of scrapped mature embryos (ME) and endosperm-supported mature embryos (MES) on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium fortified with 2, 3, and 4 mg/l of Dichlorophenoxyaceticacid (2,4-D) for callogenesis and proliferation. The regeneration was initiated first, on MS hormone-free and then continued on MS complemented with indoleacetic acid (IAA) and 6-benzyladenine (BAP). 2 mg.L-1 2,4-D was found to be optimum for callus induction and embryogenic callus production. As for plant regeneration, all five varieties have been able to form shoots and roots. However, this parameter was strongly controlled by variety and explant type. The highest percentages of regeneration were established at 80% for the endosperm-supported mature embryos and 68% for mature embryos. The success of any morphogenesis in vitro culture results from a better optimization of culture conditions (mineral and hormonal composition of the medium, explant type, and callus age).

Egg production, quality parameters and sensory attributes were assessed using two hundred and eight (208) uniform female Japanese quails aged six weeks fed low-protein diet supplemented with lysine. The birds were raised on a conventional diet before being allocated into 4 dietary groups of 4 replicates of 13 birds each in a completely randomized design in a six week feeding trial. Diet T1 had a crude protein (CP) content of 21% and lysine inclusion of 0.10% while diets T2, T3 and T4 contained 19%, 17% and 15% CP with lysine inclusion of 0.15%, 0.20% and 0.25% respectively. Birds fed T2 had significantly higher (p<0.05) egg weight. External egg parameters including egg length, egg width, eggshell thickness, eggshell percentage, egg shape index and eggshell surface area were significantly influenced (p<0.05). Internal egg quality characteristics including average yolk weight, yolk height, yolk length, yolk colour, albumen length, albumen weight and yolk index were significantly different (p<0.05). The panelist response on egg sensory properties showed that ease of eggshell peeling, taste and overall acceptability were also significantly influenced (p<0.05). Quails fed T1 and T2 compared favourably interms of egg weight, egg length, eggshell index, eggshell surface area, yolk weight, yolk height, yolk length, yolk colour, yolk index, albumen weight, egg taste and overall acceptability unlike those fed T3-T4. Quails fed T4 had the overall least egg weight, quality parameters and acceptance because they were not easily peeled and tastes unusual. Therefore, a 19% CP diet with 0.20% lysine is adequate for laying quails.

The objective of this study was to compare some internal and external quality parameters of eggs during laying period at 7, 8 and 13 months of hen´s age.Hens of genetic animal resources of the Oravka breed from NAFC-RIAP Nitra were included in experiment. In our experiment the average egg weight was significantly increased with the age of the laying hens (P<0.0001, P=0.0076). There were significant differences in egg length and egg width, but no significant differences in egg shape index. The thickness of eggshell was demonstrably thinner in all measured positions of the egg with increasing age of laying hens. The average eggshell thickness decreased from 429.30 ± 1.25 µm to 420.98 ± 1.30 µm (P<0.0001) during the laying The albumen weight during laying varied from 31.29±0.36 g to 33.22±0.35 g. Albumen height and Haugh Unit measure the viscosity of the thick albumen. The Haugh Unit in Oravka breed were lower in the oldest hens(69.17±1.36). All yolk characteristics increased with age. The yolk weight increased from 14.64±0.21 g at the age of 7 months to 19.67±0.27 g at the age of 13 months (P<0.0001).We found significant differences in yolk colour only between hens of 8 and 13 months age (P=0.0021).

Penetration of microorganisms is likely to be affected by microbial contamination. The aim of this study was to compare bacterial contamination of eggshell in deep litter, enriched cages and ordinary aviaries. It was investigated how the housing system affected the eggshell‘s early bacterial infection. There were eight extended experiments conducted. Periodically, the total count of bacteria, coliform bacteria, and Salmonella spp. were used to measure the level of bacterial contamination in eggshells found in aviaries, deep litter, and enriched cages. We log-transformed the results. Compared to enriched cage systems, the total number of bacteria contaminating eggs from the deep litter was higher. After 21 days, the second instance of microbial contamination was examined. Day 0 of every experiment showed the highest overall count of bacteria. Microbial species were identified using MALDI TOF MS Biotyper mass spectrometry. The two most isolated species across all housing systems were Ralstonia pikettii and Staphylococcus equorum.

Aim of this experiment was to determine the gross energy concentration of fresh, wilted and ensiled hybrid of Rumex patientia L. x Rumex tianschanicus A. Los. (Rumex OK 2). Samples were collected in autumn months of the year 2017. The plant of Rumex OK 2 consist during autumn months only from rosette of leaves. The height of leaves was in autumn months following, September 56.68±13.80 cm; October 59.29±11.93 cm and November 55.98±10.80 cm. Rumex OK 2 silage was made from wilted matter, with or without of addition of dried molasses. Gross energy was determined as the heat released after combustion of a sample (Leco AC 500) in MJ per kilogram of dry matter of the sample. By the autumn months the concentration of dry matter, as well as the concentration of gross energy increased, except Rumex OK 2 silage from November. The highest concentration of gross energy had wilted Rumex OK 2 from November (18.02 MJ.kg-1 of dry matter). There was no significant effect of addition of dried molasses to wilted Rumex OK 2 before ensiling on gross energy concentration in Rumex OK 2 silages (P>0.05). Gross energy concentration of all types of analysed samples had relative high value (16.98 to 18.02 MJ.kg-1 of dry matter). Fresh or ensiled Rumex OK 2 can be used as a part of feed ratio for ruminants or can be utilised in biogas station. However, due to the low content of dry mater in fresh or wilted material the production of silage can be in autumn months problematic.

Aim of this study was to determine the gross energy concentration of fresh, wilted and ensiled Rumex OK 2 (Rumex patientia L. x Rumex tianschanicus A.Los.) from spring months and June. Samples were collected in spring months and June of the year 2018. The plant of Rumex OK 2 consist in March mainly from rosette of leaves and the stalk is not higher than leaves, from April is stalk higher than rosette of leaves. The height of Rumex OK 2 during analysed months was following, March 60.96 ± 5.22 cm; April 114.70 ± 35.15 cm, May 168.31 ± 39.74 cm and June 197.41 ± 48.44 cm. Rumex OK 2 silage was made from wilted matter, with or without of addition of dried molasses. Gross energy was determined as the heat released after combustion of a sample (Leco AC 500) in MJ per kilogram of dry matter (DM) of the sample. The dry matter and gross energy concentration of fresh Rumex OK 2 increased during study, dry matter from 7.42% in March to 56.97% in June and gross energy from 18.00 MJ.kg-1 of DM in March to 18.88 MJ.kg-1 of DM in June. Statistically significant (P<0.05) higher concentration of dry matter, as well as gross energy was detected in wilted Rumex OK 2 samples and silages from May compared to April. Addition of dried molasses to wilted Rumex OK 2 did not affected concentration of gross energy in silages (P>0.05). From all analysed Rumex OK 2 samples the highest concentration of gross energy had silage from May with addition of dried molasses, 19.04 MJ.kg-1 of DM. The utilisation of Rumex OK 2 from spring months can by neither for bioenergy production as a source of renewable energy, or after evaluation of nutritive value as a source of energy and nutrients in animal nutrition in form of pasture and silage. Rumex OK 2 from summer months seems to be utilized only as a source of heat via direct combustion.

Nanoparticles (NPs) are considered the best way to manage plant viruses. Therefore, the aim of the study was to compare curcumin (Cur) and curcumin nanoparticles (CurNPs) as protective materials against the Potato virus YNTN (PVYNTN). Besides, changes in gene expression and defensive enzymes in the potato plants treated and untreated were determined. The average CurNPs size at optimum conditions was about 45 nm and the zeta potential was negative (-18.1) determined by Zeta seizer. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging showed a smooth, spherical shape, and an almost homogenous nanoparticle structure. The fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of CurNPs was recorded. In the FTIR spectrum of CurNPs, peaks were observed at 1631, 1464, 1157, and 1073 cm-1. The potato plants treated with 10 mg/ml CurNPs+V recorded the highest significant reduction in percentage of disease severity (98%). Besides, treatment with CurNPs increased the rates of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in the potatoes. On the other hand, SDS-PAGE showed clear variations in the content of the protein among potato plants treated with CurNPs or Cur and inoculated with PVYNTN, compared with the control. In addition, the plants sprayed with CurNPs or Cur pre-inoculation virus induced an increase or decrease in peroxidase (POX) activities. However, there were no substantial differences in activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) isozymes were recorded. Therefore, CurNPs could be used in potato breeding programs to control PVY.

By modifying meals for hens it is possible to influence the content of selenium and lutein in eggs, which enables the production of eggs with an increased share of the desired functional ingredients. Such eggs on the market represent enriched or functional foods that are characterized by preventive action in order to preserve the human health. The results of our research show that the composition of meals affects the content of selenium and lutein in eggs. The use of Se-yeast in hens’ mixtures in the amount of 0.5 mg·kg of feed increases the selenium content in egg whites and yolks by 62.94% and 41.54% in comparison to eggs from hens fed with a conventional mixture. Addition of 400 mg·kg of lutein to a hens' mixture can enrich egg yolk with lutein by 86.93% with respect to eggs from hens fed with a conventional mixture (without the addition of lutein).By designing hens’ mixtures using selenium and lutein having antioxidant activity, it is possible to produce eggs with improved nutritional value and extended shelf life.

The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, is the most important ectoparasite of livestock throughout the world. Entomopathogenic fungi are natural antagonists of stable flies with the potential to be used as biocontrol agents in integrated management programmes of this pest. The prevalence and species diversity of entomopathogenic fungi in populations of the stable fly were documented on a dairy cattle farm in south-western Slovakia. The prevalence of fungal infection was low and the maximum percentage of infected flies reached 2.72% during the season. Three Beauveria species were identified from infected flies, B. bassiana, B. pseudobassiana and B. brongniartii. Beauveria pseudobassiana and B. brongniartii are reported from S. calcitrans for the first time. In laboratory tests, the pathogenicity of four entomopathogenic fungi B. bassiana, B. pseudobassiana, M. anisopliae and Isaria fumosorosea against adult stable flies was compared. The flies were susceptible to infection by the fungi and the most virulent isolate of B. bassiana (IKEP10) was selected for spore formulation testing and field trials. We tested three types of spore formulations and the aqueous spore suspension was more effective against stable flies than spores formulated in the powder or oil suspension. Repeated treatments of the interior of the stable with B. bassiana spores at fortnightly intervals during June–August resulted in a 10 times higher prevalence of fungal infection in the stable fly population compared with the untreated stable, but the treatments did not effectively reduce the fly population. The selected B. bassiana isolate may represent an interesting tool in the biocontrol of stable fly populations, but further experiments are needed to design an appropriate formulation and enhance its efficacy.

In this work we screened for the diversity of epiphyllous bryophytes covering leaves of evergreen plants growing in temperate region of Arboretum Mlyňany (Slovakia). We identified five taxa of not typically epiphyllous bryophytes, all belonging to mosses: Brachythecium salebrosum (Hoffm. ex F. Weber & D. Mohr) Schimp, Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw., Hypnum cupressiforme var. filiforme Brid., Platygyrium repens (Brid.) Schimp., Pylaisia polyantha (Hedw.) Schimp. All these taxa are considered as obligate members of bryoflora of Slovakia at low risk of extinction. The most abundant was the generalist H. cupressiforme, while the rarest was the typical epiphyte P. polyantha. All identified epiphylls occurred on nine species of evergreen angiosperm phorophytes: Prunus laurocerasus L., Hedera helix L., Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt., Ilex aquifolium L., Rubus caesius L., Viburnum × burkwoodii auct., Rhododendron catawbiense Michx., Viburnum rhytidophyllum Hemsl., Aucuba japonica Thunb.; on one gymnosperm phorophyte Cephalotaxus harringtonii var. drupacea (Siebold. & Zucc.) Koidz; and on one fern Asplenium scolopendrium L. The most often species of phorophyte for epiphyllous bryophytes was P. laurocerasus, while the rarest taxa were R. caesius, V. rhytidophyllum, R. catawbiense, A. japonica, V. × burkwoodii.

This work done in Arboretum Stradch (Ukraine) extended the investigation of the epiphyllous bryophytes diversity in the temperate zone started by Pundiak and Michalko (2020) in Arboretum Mlyňany (Slovakia). It was identified two taxa of not typically epiphyllous bryophytes, all belonging to mosses and considered as generalists and obligate members of bryoflora of Ukraine at low risk of extinction: Brachythecium salebrosum (Hoffm. ex F. Weber & D. Mohr) Schimp. and Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. As epiphylls these taxa were also the most abundant in Mlyňany. The both identified epiphylls occurred mainly on young individuals of a gymnosperm phorophyte Abies alba Mill., which grew near the trunks of 50 years lindens Tilia cordata Mill. abundantly covered by mosses. H. cupressiforme also occurred rarely on leaves of two deciduous angiosperm phorophytes: Corylus avellana L. and Ulmus glabra Huds. growing near trunks of 140 years oaks Quercus robur L. densely covered by the same moss species. B. salebrosum occurred also on one species of evergreen angiosperm phorophyte Rubus caesius L. (near mentioned trunks of T. cordata) and on one species of deciduous angiosperm phorophyte Ulmus glabra Huds. (near mentioned trunks of Q. robur), but scarcely.

Animal products and meat from farm animals are consumed daily and it is very good source of animal proteins, but consumer´s information about exposure to heavy metals in meat and it´s health risk is in general low. The main goal of the present work was to determine essential and toxic elements in offal and meat of sheep from two different regions of Slovakia with different environmental load. In present study 11 elements (essential elements: calcium, zinc, magnesium, selenium, iron, copper; toxic elements: arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead, nickel) have been analysed. Statistically significant differences (P <0.01) were noted between the concentrations of Ca, Zn, Cu in the liver, Zn and Se in the kidneys of animals, Ca, and Mg in muscle. In the liver of sheep, statistically significant differences (P <0.05) was detected in concentration of Fe and in the case concentration of Se in the mammary gland and muscle of animals. Chemical analyses between the control and experimental group of animals indicated increased concentrations of Cd in the liver and kidney of animals in both monitored groups, which exceeded the maximum residual limit. Results of this also showed statistically significant correlations between some elements in animal tissue samples.