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The aim of the study is to evaluate the influence of selected growing factors on the production, quality, and composition of fatty acids. The field small plot experiments were stablished on research-experimental base in Dolná Malanta in 2018 and 2019. Growing factors and experimental material used in this study were hybrids Carrera, SY Gracia, Marbelia CS and Reasun DS-5 grown by Clearfield and Clearfield Plus technology, and biostimulating preparations Florone (made from hydrolyzed plant proteins formulated with NPK) and Fertisilinn (foliar fertilizer with orthosilicic acid and micronutrients). Statistical analyzes confirmed the significant influence of the year on all monitored parameters of the experiment. For achieved yield and fatty acid content (oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid) was more favorable experimental season of 2018. Experimental year 2019 was more suitable for creation of yield-forming elements, oil content, and linoleic acid content. Used hybrids significantly affected the head diameter, weight of thousand achenes, yield, oil content, oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Significant differences between hybrids were achieved mainly in qualitative parameters (oil content, linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids). The biostimulating preparations significantly affected yield-forming elements (head diameter, weight of head, and weight of thousand achenes), yield and quality (oil content, and all fatty acid composition), from which it follows that the application of biostimulating preparations affects the main production parameters, and the quality of the oil through fatty acid content. The very strong negative relationship (r=-0.9951; P < 0.01) in fatty acid composition between oleic and linoleic acid was found. In the other side very strong positive relation (r= 0.9882; P < 0.01) between number of plants and number of heads was recorded.

The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of dietary intake of humic substances (HS) on the proteolytic activity and the digestibility of crude protein (CP) measured as the apparent assimilable mass coefficient of CP corrected for protein catabolism (AMCN) in the intestine as well as on the total protein and albumin content in the serum of broiler chickens (Cobb 500, n=120). Chickens (groups A, B, C / negative control) were fed with mixtures with CP (g.kg-1 DM) – Hyd1 230.20 (d 1-7), Hyd2 222.20 (d 8-28), Hyd3 209.40 (d 29-37) for 37 days. The humic substances were added into diets of experimental groups in the feed additive according to the content of humic/fulvic acids (HA/FA; g.kg-1) A 4.55/0.35, B 3.99/0.35, C 2.85/0.25. The body weights and feed consumption were measured once a week. The average daily weight gains and the feed conversion ratio were calculated. The dietary intake of HS had a positive effect on the increase of proteolytic activities in the intestinal apparatus and caused the significant enhancement of AMCN of birds from experimental groups on days 17, 24 and 31. However, the values of the total protein and the albumin in the serum were significantly decreased in the groups after intake of HA/FA 4.55/0.35 or 3.99/0.35 in the feed.

Bovine reproductive physiology is a complex process that is closely linked to the cattle industry‘s effective production. Follicle diameter and the hormonal content of follicular fluid play an important role in determining ovum quality, overall embryo production, and bovine fertility. This study investigates the hormonal profile of follicular fluid in ovarian follicles of varying sizes in Iraqi cows. A total of 22 samples were collected from sexually mature, disease-free, and non-pregnant cows over a two-month period (July and August). Three of the follicle groups were classified: (2–5 mm), (6–9 mm), and (10–15 mm). Following visual measurement, follicular fluid was extracted, and concentrations of progesterone, estrogen, testosterone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were analyzed. The results showed a significant difference (p <0.0001) in progesterone levels 6–9 mm. Also, estrogen concentration was higher in 10–15 mm compared to the other groups. Testosterone concentration was higher in follicles (2–5 mm) compared to follicles (10–15 mm and 6–9 mm), respectively. Thyroid-stimulating hormone was higher in 2–5 mm compared to 10–15 mm follicles. The current outcomes participate to the thoughtful of known mechanisms of hormonal function in ovarian follicle growth in bovine species, showing that progesterone, estrogen, testosterone, and TSH are critical factors in these mechanisms.

In a vegetation pot experiment we explored the effect of fertilizers with potassium (KCl; 0.9 g K2O/6 kg of soil) and magnesium (ESTA Kieserite; 0.3 g MgO/6 kg of soil) applied together or separately to poppy on soil with good K and Mg supply on the seed yield, oil content and cadmium in the seed. Seed yields increased significantly after the application of KCl and ESTA Kieserite, respectively by 23.89% and 21.68%, as compared to the unfertilized control. Combined application of both fertilizers stimulated the yields significantly, i.e. by 15.26%. The seed oil content showed no significant changes among the treatments and ranged only between 42.1 and 43.6%. The pot production of oil in the fertilized treatments increased to 2.21-2.44 g/pot compared to 1.92 g/pot in the unfertilized control. The Cd content in seeds was very low, there were no differences among the treatments and it ranged only between 0.204 and 0.214 mg/kg fresh matter - FM (threshold level of 1.20 mg/kg wet weight). Therefore, the application of both KCl and ESTA Kieserite fertilizers can be recommended on soils well supplied with both nutrients.

Probiotics and prebiotics are effective to modulate optimal conditions in gastrointestinal tract inhabited by diverse microbial population. Probiotics regulate and modulate gut microbial population thus reducing the risk of diarrhea. Positive effect on growth is confirmed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of probiotic (Lactobacillus sporogenes) and prebiotic (Ascophyllum nodosum) supplements on weight gain in calves. Forty new-born Holstein calves were randomised to control and experimental group. In the experimental group, Lactobacillus sporogenes and Ascophyllum nodosum were added first to colostrum and then to milk replacer, calves in the control group were fed with colostrum and milk replacer only. The weight gains of animals were found out during the whole experiment. Evidence of animal health and diarrhea was monitored. In the end of experiment, the body weight gains in experimental calves were by 14,4% higher compared to control but without statistical significance (P>0,05). Probiotic and prebiotic treatment tended to diminish diarrhea. The health benefits of monitored treatment were noticed in experimental group.

A study was conducted on the effect of two different lamb production systems on the fatty acid (FA) composition of subcutaneous fat of 40 purebred Ile de France lambs. In the first production system, ewes and lambs grazed on pasture without concentrate (GS), whereas in the second production system, ewes and lambs were housed indoor and fed silage/hay and concentrate (IS). Twenty lambs (7 females and 13 males) were included in each group. Lambs were slaughtered at 28.75 ± 2.76 kg. The FA were determined by gas chromatography and analysed through ANOVA by considering the following fixed effects: production system, sex and the interaction between production system and sex. Subcutaneous fat of GS lambs had greater proportion of C18:3n-3 (P <0.001), C22:5n-3 (P <0.05) and C22:6n-3 (P <0.05) than IS lambs, which resulted in a higher sum of n-3 polyunsaturated FA in GS compared to IS lambs (2.00 vs. 1.15 g/100 g FAME, P <0.001). Moreover, subcutaneous fat of GS lambs had greater proportion of c9,t11-C18:2 (P <0.001) and sum of detected conjugated linoleic acid isomers than IS lambs (2.21 vs. 0.67 g/100 g FAME, P <0.001). Females had significantly greater proportion of C18:2n-6 (P <0.05) and C18:3n-6 (P <0.001) than males. We can conclude that the GS system where lambs are raised under grazing conditions may provide carcasses with a more acceptable subcutaneous fat, as far as a human health and nutrition perspective is concerned.

A 25-weeks trial was carried out to determine the efficacy of feeding Rhizopus stolonifer fermented cocoa pod husk meal (FCPH) meal supplemented with Ronozyme multigrain enzyme (RME) on performance at various stages of growth and age at sexual maturity of grower pullets. Two hundred and forty (240) day old Isa Brown chicks were randomly assigned to six (6) dietary treatments. Each treatment was replicated four times comprising of ten (10) chicks per replicate and arranged in a 3 x 2 factorial in Completely Randomized Design. Rhizopus stolonifer FCPH meal was incorporated into the diet as test ingredient at varying inclusion level of 0%, 10% and 20% based on 100% diet. Each diet was then divided into two, one part void of enzyme and designated as diets I, III and V and the other parts supplemented with RME at 200 mg/kg of the diet and designated as diets II, IV and VI respectively. Weight gain, Feed intake and feed gain ratio were significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments with birds fed diet containing 10 % FCPH meal without RME supplementation having highest weight gain across different stages of growth. The effect of enzyme and the interaction between diet and enzyme were not significant (p ˃ 0.05). Hematological and serum biochemical indices were not significantly (p ˃ 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments and were all within normal range. Age at first lay and Egg weight at first lay were also significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatment. The use of Rhizopus stolonifer FCPH meal supplemented with RME in grower diets markedly increased age at sexual maturity and weight of first egg laid, with birds fed diets containing 10 % FCPH meal fast coming to lay and birds fed 20 % FCPH meal having higher weight of egg at first lay. Egg weight, egg width, shell surface area, shell thickness, yolk length and albumen length were also significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by the diet treatment. Rhizopus stolonifer FCPH meal up to 10% without RME supplementation can effectively be used in pullet grower’s diets without adversely affecting production performance or sexual maturity into lay.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of birth season, average maximum temperatures 6 weeks before and after birth of heifers on their first lactation milk yield. In chosen herd, the effect of birth weight, weight gain until weaning on first lactation milk yield was also investigated. Additionally, the effect of the average maximum temperatures before birth, effect of birth season on birth weight were evaluated. The data were collected from the herd “A” in Orava region consisting of Slovak spotted breed (127 records), the herd “B” in Lower Nitra (150 records) and herd “C” in Upper Nitra (116 records) both consisting of black Holstein Friesian cows. Birth season tended to influence the heifers first lactation milk yield in the herd “C” (P <0.06). The maximum average temperatures during the first 6 weeks after birth significantly affected heifers first lactation in the herd “A” (P <0.01). The maximum average temperatures affecting pregnant cows before birth of their heifers did not influence heifers’ milk yield during the first lactation in all herds (P >0.66, herd “A”; P >0.59, herd “B”; P >0.38, herd “C”). In the herd “B” there was insignificant effect of prenatal temperatures, birth season on birth weight of heifers (P >0.97; P >0.74). However, the heifers with the highest weight gains until weaning had numerically higher first lactation milk yield (P >0.20).

Silages represents the principal component of the diet of high-producing dairy cows. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the existing literature on the impact of silage quality on the feed intake, performance, and health of dairy cows. The review described the impact of the nutritional quality of silages and fermentation products on dairy cow performance, including the implementation of preventive practices to avoid the undesirable fermentation process. The following section focused on the prevalence of pathogens that present a risk to animals and humans. A summary was provided of the most recent findings on the occurrence of Clostridium spp., Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillus spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in silage. The final section of the review addressed the most recent findings on the prevalence of undesirable metabolites, such as mycotoxins and biogenic amines, in silage. The mycotoxin section concentrated on the adverse health effects of elevated mycotoxin concentrations in dairy cow feed rations.

Brassica campestris L. plants are widely grown, including in Asian countries where the leaves are used to prepare Chinese sour pickled mustard greens. The potential benefits of the application of organic by-products and organic fertilizers in sustainable agricultural production have been shown in previous studies. Consequently, this study investigated the effectiveness of liquid worm fertilizer (LWF) and spent coffee grounds (SCG) individually and in combination on the growth of B. campestris. The results showed that LWF at the highest dose had positive effects on the growth and yield of B. Campestris, but SGC had inhibitory effects. The treatment consisting of composted SCG + triple of the standard dose of LWF resulted in the best plot yield with 3866.7 g.plot-1, followed by the treatment of fresh SCG + triple of the standard dose of LWF, which produced a yield of 3766.7 g.plot-1. The lowest yield (2100.0 g.plot-1) was observed in the treatment of 1kg.m-2 fresh SCG + no LWF. The interaction effect between SCG and LWF on the plot yield of B. campestris L. was significant (F(4,18) = 4.6; p = 0.01) demonstrating enhanced yield when both SCG and LWF were used in combination.

The by-products of olive oil production are not traditional feed ingredients in poultry nutrition. Despite their low nutritional value, they can be used not only as a source of energy and nutrients, but also as bioactive substances in nutrition of broiler chickens. The aim of the study was to determine whether the use of olive leaves and cake in feed mixtures for broilers affects their growth performance and bone mineralisation. In the feeding experiment 120 male Ross 308 broilers were used. At the age of 21 days the chickens were randomly assigned to 5 experimental groups each with two pens (replicates) of 12 animals and fed with 5 different feed mixtures without (Control) or supplemented with 5% or 10% olive leaves (OLeave5, OLeave10) or cake (OCake5, OCake10). Live weight and feed intake per pen were recorded weekly. At the end of the feeding experiment (42 days), 12 chickens per group were randomly selected and slaughtered. At the slaughter line, bone samples (femur, tibia and humerus) were taken from each chicken. The supplementation of olive leaves and cake had no significant effect on the growth performance and mineral content in femur, tibia and humerus of the broilers. The addition of 5 and 10% olive leaves to the feed resulted in higher Cu content in the humerus, but bone mineralisation did not change. In conclusion olive leaves and cake did not modify bone mineralisation but could be supplemented in the feed mixtures for broilers without negative effects on growth performance.

The tillage technology used can influence the soil quality positively or negatively. The aim of this work was to compare the impact of reduced (RT) and conventional (CT) tillage technologies on selected physical and chemical properties of Mollic Fluvisol, Chernozem, and Haplic Luvisol. Differences in the properties of soils treated with RT and CT were investigated at fifteen sites to a depth of 40 cm. The results showed that in Mollic Fluvisol, which naturally has higher soil organic matter (SOM) content, changing the tillage system from CT to RT caused minimal negative changes in soil properties, including a significant increase in bulk density (rd), a decrease in available water capacity (QP) and hot water soluble carbon (CHWL); in contrast, the change in tillage system was positively reflected in a statistically significant increase in total organic carbon (Cox) and degree of humification. For Chernozem and Haplic Luvisol, which naturally have medium to low SOM content, changing tillage from CT to RT resulted in a significant decrease in CHWL content and degree of humification. All physical parameters assessed were significantly deteriorated (there was an increase in rd and wilting point, a significant decrease in air-filled porosity and QP. There was no significant improvement in any of the soil properties studied. It can be concluded that the CT system is more suitable for Chernozem and Haplic Luvisol tillage than the RT system. In Mollic Fluvisol, the RT system is more or less equally suitable for tillage as the CT system.

Meat and fat of 24 Cinta Senese pigs were used to produce frankfurter-type sausages. The animals were raised in two rearing systems: i) fenced area with concentrate as exclusive feed (C, n=12) and ii) wood/pasture fenced area and grazing on natural available resources (acorn and herbaceous pasture) (P, n=12). Physicochemical characteristics, fatty acid composition and sensory attributes of the frankfurter-type sausages were assessed. Both sausages from C and P groups showed high fat content (> 23%) likely due to the high level of intramuscular fat of Cinta Senese meat. Frankfurter-type sausages obtained from P group had higher percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids and lower percentage of saturated fatty acids than the C group, probably due to the availability of grazing resources during the fattening period. However, in both types of sausages, the polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio was higher than the recommended lower limit of 0.40. Regarding the physical traits, differences between groups were found for the colour traits: P frankfurter-type sausages had lower lightness and higher redness and yellowness than C frankfurter-type sausages, likely due to the physical exercise associated to grazing activity of P animals. Texture parameters did not differ between groups for hardness and cohesiveness, whereas chewiness and springiness were higher in C than P samples. Feeding systems changed the perception of some sensorial properties, in particular taste and odour. Overall, Cinta Senese frankfurter-type sausages could represent an innovative product for local farms, allowing, in addition, the use of second-choice meat portions, once acquitted some improvements in the recipes.

Twenty Tsigai and Suffolk crossbreed lambs in grazing conditions were used to investigate the effect of weaning status (weaned vs. unweaned) and sex on fatty acid composition of meat. Six males and four females were included in both groups, the weaned lambs group (WL) and the unweaned lambs group (UL). The fatty acid profile of Musculus longissimus lumborum et thoracis intramuscular fat (IMF) were determined by gas chromatography and analysed by analysis of variance. WL displayed higher proportion of t11-C18:1 (P < 0.001), n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) C18:2 (P < 0.01) and C20:4 (P < 0.05), n-3 PUFA C18:3 (P < 0.05), C20:5 (P < 0.01), C22:5 (P < 0.05), C22:6 (P < 0.05) and the total PUFA (P < 0.01) in IMF than UL. On the contrary, IMF of UL had higher proportion of the medium-chain saturated fatty acids (SFA) such as C12:0 (P < 0.01), C14:0 (P < 0.01) and C16:0 (P < 0.01), the total SFA (P < 0.05) and the total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (P < 0.05). The weaning status had no significant effect on n-6/n-3 ratio, however the ratio was satisfactory low in both groups. The sex had no effect on a profile of essential and health beneficial fatty acids in meat of lamb. In conclusion, meat of weaned lambs in grazing system might be considered to obtain a higher proportion of healthy n-3 fatty acids compared to unweaned lambs.

Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) from the family Poaceae is one of the six major cereals cultivated in the world. An important characteristic is its resistance to heat and drought, which makes hot, dry and semi-arid areas optimal for its cultivation. Due to the climatic changes and the associated lack of water in some areas of the world, proso millet represents a good alternative or supplement to cereal cultivation. The main agricultural value of proso millet is its use as animal feed, which underlines its key role in agriculture. The modern trend in agriculture involves the application of nanoparticle-based products as micronutrients or growth promoters. The aim of our research was to investigate the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on the initial growth stages of proso millet. We evaluated the length of the plant, length of aerial parts and the root system of plants. In experiments Slovak variety 'Unikum' was used. ZnO-NPs were applied at four different concentrations (1 mg.l-1, 10 mg.l-1, 100 mg.l-1 and 300 mg.l-1) and compared with the control sample. We found that the concentration of 100 mg.l-1 might be suitable for future considerations and the highest concentration of 300 mg.l-1 had an inhibitory effect on plant growth in length of the whole plant, aerial parts and most of the monitored root parameters.

Liquid waste from the dairy industry becomes an environmental problem if it is not processed properly, so several technologies have been created from this waste, one of them is sludge organic fertilizer. The aim of this research is to determine the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers to support the growth, nutrient uptake and yield of mustard. The factors of this research include S0 = NPK 100% (300 kg.ha-1), S1 = 25% sludge organic fertilizer + 75% NPK (6.25 ton.ha-1+ 225 kg.ha-1), S2 = 50% sludge organic fertilizer + 50% NPK (12.5 ton.ha-1+ 150 kg.ha-1), S3 = 75% sludge organic fertilizer + 25% NPK (18.75 ton.ha-1 + 75 kg.ha-1) and S4 = sludge organic fertilizer 100% (25 ton.ha-1). The research result shows that the combination treatment of sludge organic fertilizer with NPK inorganic fertilizer can increase the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients and enhance mustard growth and yield. Treatment of sludge organic fertilizer 25% + NPK 75% being the best in nutrient uptake, growth, and yield of mustard. Meanwhile 75% sludge organic fertilizer + 25% NPK treatment produces better soil chemical properties. This research reveals that mustard still need organic and inorganic fertilizers.

This study was embarked upon to evaluate breed and sex effects on the thermo-physiology and blood parameters; predict heat stress index and appropriately classify Nigerian West African Dwarf (WAD) and Red Sokoto (RS) goats in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment involving twenty four goats. WAD goats had higher rectal temperature (38.93±0.10 versus 38.59±0.10) and pulse rate (54.78±0.24 vs. 53.67±0.24) compared to their RS counterparts. However, there was no significant difference in heat stress index between WAD and RS goats. Based on thermo-physiological parameters, male goats appeared to be more stressed. There was no significant Breed * Sex interaction effect on thermo-physiological traits. The results of haematological and serum biochemical and hormonal indices of goats also indicated that WAD goats appeared to be more stressed. The male goats had higher Cortisol (58.00±4.88 versus 37.67±4.88) and lower Thyroxine (111.50±8.32 vs. 141.18±8.32) levels. There was no significant Breed * Sex interaction effect on haematological indices. While male and female WAD goats were similar, female RS goats had higher value of TSH (1.20±0.21) than their male counterparts (0.57±0.21). The Artificial Neural Network algorithm revealed that respiratory rate, cortisol, pulse rate and WBC had more influence on heat stress prediction in goats compared to breed, sex and other haematological, serum biochemical and hormonal parameters. Haemoglobin, white blood cells, rectal temperature and pulse rate were sufficient to correctly assign WAD and RS goats to their appropriate breed. The present information may aid breed characterization and conservation of WAD and RS goats.

The aim of the study was to ascertain the potential effects of fumonisins on nutrients’ digestibility in the gastrointestinal tract. Eighteen (n= 6 x 3) weanling pigs from the age of 35 days were administered 0, 15 or 30 mg/kg dietary fumonisins (FB1, FB2 and FB3) for a period of 21days, after an acclimatization period of 14 days. Titanium dioxide (0.5%) was added as indigestible marker to the feed and representative fecal samples were taken during a 5-day collection period in order to determine the digestibility of crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, starch, ash, calcium, phosphorus and energy. The final body weights, cumulative feed intake and relative organ weights of all groups were were not influenced by treatment (p>0.05). Digestibility of energy, crude fiber, ash, calcium and phosphorus were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the control group relative to either 15 or 30 mg/kg treated pigs. These findings suggest that fumonisins in a dose of 15 or 30 mg/kg potentially distorts total tract nutrient digestibility in weanling pigs and thus, compromise the nutritive value of the mixed feed.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) help in promoting plant growth and mediating key belowground processes, however, little is known about AMF responses to the continuous increase in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). This has led to considerable interest in its impacts on AMF and belowground processes in recent years. The study investigated the effect of elevated CO2 on AMF sporulation and root colonization and soil properties in the roots of soybean. The pot experiment consisted of two levels of CO2 (ambient; 350 ppm and elevated; 550 ppm) and three soybean cultivars (TGx 1440-1E, TGx 1448-2F and TGx 1480-2F) conducted in open top chambers, laid out in randomised complete block design, replicated thrice. The results showed that elevated CO2 increased the AMF spore density and root colonization of the soybean cultivars. Elevated CO2 increased the microbial biomass carbon (34.2% - 45.4%), microbial biomass nitrogen (44.6% - 54.9%), soil nitrogen (30.3 – 50.6%), available phosphorus (20.8 – 45.7%) in the rhizosphere of the soybean cultivars compared to the ambient CO2. These could have resulted in higher dry biomass, pod number, seed number 100-seed weight and seed yield observed under elevated CO2. From the results of this study, increased atmospheric CO2 regulates AMF activities, microbial properties and improve soybean performance. Thus, this study may help to better understand the responses of AMF and belowground process with increasing atmospheric CO2.

The ameliorative effects of ginger meal (GM) on the performance, carcass, and meat qualities of broilers fed diets containing MSG were examined. A total of 360 day – old broilers were randomly allotted into four diets: Diet A (control), Diet B (basal + 1.25 g MSG/kg diet), Diet C (Diet B + 1.25 g GM/kg diet) and Diet D (diet B + 2.50 g GM/kg diet). The birds were fed starter and finisher diets and water ad – libitum. At 6 weeks old, growth performance, carcass and meat qualities were assessed. Broilers on Diets B to D significantly (P < 0.05) recorded increased weight, feed, energy, and protein intakes with those on Diet D having the best feed conversion ratio. The dressed weight and dressing percentage of broilers on the experimental diets were better than the control diet. The inclusion of GM significantly (P < 0.05) ameliorated the negative impacts of MSG on relative weights of the heart, liver, and bile. Meat catalase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced while lipid peroxidation and meat cholesterol were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated among the birds fed Diet B when compared with the control. However, the inclusions of GM played a restorative role by significantly (P < 0.05) improving the meat antioxidant enzymes and reducing lipid peroxidation and cholesterol. Therefore, the inclusion of MSG at 1.25 g/kg with an inclusion of 1.25 to 2.50 g GM/kg was beneficial for feed palatability enhancement with resultant improvement on performance, carcass, and meat qualities.